Fluoride distribution in the environment along the gradient of a phosphate-fertilizer production emission (southern Brazil)

Airborne fluoride was determined in the rainwater, surface soil and groundwater along a gradient of emission of a phosphate fertilizer factory in Rio Grande, southern Brazil. Concentrations of fluoride in rainwater and groundwater achieved 3 mg l⁻¹ and 5 mg l⁻¹, respectively, and were dependent on pH. The fluoride deposited from emissions accumulated in a superficial horizon of soil in quantities comparable to those in the manufactured end-products—up to 23,000 mg kg⁻¹. Fluoride distribution in the environment is controlled by physical–chemical parameters of emission, rain intensity and soil properties. The highest fluoride concentrations were registered at a close distance of up to 2 km from the factory. The distribution of fluoride in groundwater resembled the same distribution in rainwater due to the high permeability of the local soils. Fluoride penetration to the groundwater also depended on the type of vegetation cover. The groundwater in woodland areas was less affected by contamination of fluoride than in the grassland areas, most probably because of the influence of eucalyptus throughfall, which increases the pH of wet precipitates.     

岩浆侵蚀区煤层孔隙结构特征及其对瓦斯赋存之影响分析

在煤样煤层瓦斯含量、瓦斯组分和煤的孔容特征的实验测定基础上 ,分析了岩浆岩侵蚀区煤层瓦斯组分特征 ;研讨了孔隙结构特征 ,岩浆岩侵蚀对煤层孔隙瓦斯赋存及涌出的影响规律。这些结果为煤矿井田不同区域开采时 ,选用安全技术措施提供了科学依据     

长江链子崖危岩区崩滑灾害灾情分析

本文对长江链子崖危岩区崩滑地质灾害灾情进行历史回顾,并分析链子崖危岩体潜在崩滑地质灾害灾情,最后讨论其防治效益。     

软岩煤巷锚杆支护的安全性分析及防治对策

总结了在高地应力条件下巷道治理的基本原则,利用有限元软件对软岩巷道采用锚杆复合支护的安全可靠性进行了分析,并结合实际工程监测,证明了锚杆复合支护的有效性。     

天山阿拉沟泥石流运动机理分析

本文论述了天山阿拉沟地区泥石流运动的时空分布规律，分析了泥石流形成的沟谷环境特征，讨论了降雨对泥石流起动的激发作用。探讨了泥石流的运动机理，推导了泥石流起动的地表临界倾角范围，并从泥石流运动的物理机制上探讨了泥石流悬浮质的运动规律以及推移质的挟沙力关系。在此基础上，从力学的角度深入讨论了泥石流的运动速度及运动阻力，对其物理性态进行了机理性模拟，为泥石流的预测与防治提供科学的理论基础     

Spatial Patterns of Soil Moisture as Affected by Shrubs, in Different Climatic Conditions

At three study sites, representing Mediterranean, semi-aridand mildly-arid climatic conditions, the effect of shrubs onthe spatial patterns of soil moisture was studied. At eachsite soil moisture was measured, on hillslopes, at thevicinity of 8 shrubs. For each shrub the measurements havebeen taken at 3 microenvironments, i.e. under the shrub (US),at the margins of shrub (MS) and between shrubs (BS). At themicroenvironments US and MS the measurements were taken at 3 directions: upslope, downslope and sideslope of the shrubs. At all sampling points soil samples were taken from 3 depths: 0–2, 2–5 and 5–10 cm. In addition, rock fragments cover percentage near the shrubs was determined. A soil moisture pattern was found, around each shrub,which is composed of a radial gradient and a downslope gradient. The radial gradient is expressed by soil moisture decreasingfrom the US microenvironment, in all directions, through the MS towards the BS microenvironment. The US microenvironmenthas a `spatial advantage' of higher soil moisture content dueto (1) relatively higher infiltration rate, (2) capture overlandflow from the BS area upslope that shrub and (3) low evaporationrate because of the shading effect.The downslope gradient is expressed by decreasing soil moisturefrom the upslope direction of each shrub (MS and US microenvironments) towards the downslope direction of that shrub (MS and US microenvironments, respectively). Thisgradient is controlled by the relatively high content of rockfragments near the shrubs at their upslope direction. Suchrock fragments spatial distribution is attributed to (1) thedetachment and transport of rock fragments by sheep and goatstrampling and (2) the effect of shrub on the continuity ofoverland flow and sediment transport. The effect of rockfragments is similar to that of shrubs regarding increasinginfiltration and decreasing evaporation rate. The relativelyhigh soil moisture at the upslope direction of each shrubenhances annuals growth producing a positive feedback loop:soil moisture – annuals growth – trampling. This sequencemaintains the typical rock fragments spatial organization andcontributes to the sustainability of the grazing system.At all the study sites at the US microenvironment there isa trend of decreasing soil moisture with increasing soildepth. At microenvironments MS and BS soil moisture increaseswith soil depth.The results are of great relevance for rehabilitationstrategies as they suggest that in order to combatdesertification in degraded semi-arid and mildly-arid areas,where the main land use is grazing, both shrubs and rockfragment should be kept at their present spatial distribution.     

湖南香花岭矿区地下水的水文地球化学特征及形成机制

湖南香花岭是我国有色、稀有金属的重要生产基地,其环境已经受到矿山活动的强烈影响,对矿区地下水的水化学特征研究对矿区污染分布调查和环境治理具有现实意义.本文通过主成分分析、相关性分析和离子比例系数分析对湖南香花岭地区的地下水的水化学组分进行了统计与分析,利用phreeqc模拟软件及重金属浓度分布图来探究研究区地下水水文地球化学特征形成机制.结果表明:人为活动特别是采矿活动和水岩相互作用一起影响了矿区地下水的化学成分;碳酸盐岩与非碳酸盐岩交界地区岩溶溶蚀作用表现更为明显;重金属元素经过碳酸盐岩分布区时受到拦截,不易进入地下水中.     

Adsorption and recovery of phosphate from water by amine fiber, effects of co-existing ions and column filtration

A weak-base adsorption fiber, acrylic amine fiber (AAF), was prepared for removal and recovery of phosphate from water. The adsorption properties of the AAF for phosphate and effects of co-existing ions were investigated using batch and column filtration experiments, scanning electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared techniques. Experimental results showed that AAF had a high phosphate adsorption capacity of 119?mg/g at pH?7.0. The effects of calcium, sulfate, carbonate, nitrate, and fluoride showed that sulfate and calcium inhibited phosphate adsorption. However, AAF showed higher binding affinity toward phosphate than sulfate. Column filtration results showed that AAF could filter 1420 bed volumes of tap water containing 1.0?mg-P/L of phosphate. The saturated AAF could be regenerated using 0.5?mol/L hydrochloric acid solution and reused. After desorption, phosphate was recovered through precipitation of hydroxyapatite (Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH). The easy of regeneration, good adsorption performance, and the fiber morphology of AAF make it an attractive alternative for phosphate recovery from multiple water sources.     

高速公路路堑岩质高边坡放坡坡角的优化设计

在高速公路建设过程中，路堑岩质高边坡如何提高其稳定性与降低其工程造价这一对矛盾日益凸现。如何在边坡稳定性与工程造价之间选择一个最优的边坡放坡坡角是高速公路路堑岩高边坡工程中一项热点研究课题。根据京珠高速公路湖北大悟K34段的工作地质条件，分析了路堑岩质边坡最优坡角α代的确定方法，并用以指导治理施工，取得了较好的工程治理效果与经济效益。     

国内外岩爆预测的研究现状与发展趋势

在讨论岩爆预测的重要性和紧迫性的基础上，从岩爆的形成机理、预测预报等方面，阐述了国内外岩爆预测的研究现状。较全面地介绍了岩爆预测的方法，对有关预测方法或技术作了评述。最后分析了岩爆预测技术的发展趋势，并对我国岩爆预测研究的工作重点提出了一些建议。