镁离子浓度对SBR生物除磷系统的影响

通过不投加镁离子（R1）、投加8 mg/L镁离子（R2）以及投加24 mg/L镁离子（R3）,分析镁离子对SBR生物除磷体系的影响.结果表明,适量镁离子的添加会加速聚磷菌的富集,有助于维持生物除磷系统的稳定运行.在稳定运行阶段,镁离子不充足的系统（R1）磷酸盐去除率逐渐下降至50%以下,系统呈恶化趋势,而在镁离子充足的...     

利用第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮浓度作为MUCT工艺运行控制参数

以模拟生活污水为对象考察了第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度(SNO-3)作为MUCT工艺运行控制参数的可行性.将进水COD质量浓度恒定为(290±10)mg.L-1,TN质量浓度恒定为(55±0.5)mg.L-1,TP质量浓度恒定为(7.0±0.5)mg.L-1,改变第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度以比较各段出水TN和TP质量浓度.结果表明,SNO-3值显著影响着出水TN和TP质量浓度,控制内循环回流量维持SNO-3为2.5 mg.L-1,可实现MUCT工艺的最优控制.利用各段硝酸盐氮和TP平均质量浓度进行的物料平衡计算结果表明SNO-3是影响厌氧段释磷量、第一缺氧段和第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮反应量、第二缺氧段吸磷量的重要参数.     

聚磷菌与聚糖菌竞争影响因素的研究进展

根据国内外文献的有关报道,综述了在强化生物除磷系统中聚糖菌与聚磷菌相互竞争的有关影响因素,并指出了今后的研究方向。     

“三门六科”水质基准最少毒性数据需求原则

MTDR(最少毒性数据需求)是水质基准推算中数据应用的重要原则. 以重金属Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Hg2+、Cr6+为例,在广泛搜集物种毒性数据的基础上,通过数据比较分析,初步研究了我国水生生物基准的MTDR. 结果表明:Hg2+、Pb2+和Cu2+基于“三门六科”推导的急性基准值与基于美国“三门八科”MTDR的推算结果相近,分别相差20.5%、25.2%和33.3%;Cd2+、Zn2+和Cr6+的计算结果差别较为明显,表明相对于美国“三门八科”MTDR,在我国生物毒性数据缺乏的情况下,“三门六科”MTDR对于部分污染物基本可行,但仍具有一定的不确定性. “三门六科”包括鲤科、除鲤科外的另一科鱼类(冷水鱼优先)、两栖类、浮游甲壳类、昆虫类和环节动物类.      

拟柱孢藻毒素生态毒性的研究进展和展望

随着全球变暖的加剧,拉氏拟柱胞藻（Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii）表现出从热带和亚热带地区向温带地区迁移和扩张的趋势。拟柱孢藻过度繁殖引发的主要生态环境问题是其有毒次级代谢产物—拟柱孢藻毒素（Cylindrospermopsin,CYN）的大量产生。这种蓝藻毒素水溶性很高,可长时间停留在水体中,对动植物和人类健康造成威胁。近年来,国际上对CYN的研究越来越多,研究范围也日趋广泛,而国内的相关研究却很少。本文根据现有的研究结果,介绍了CYN的分子结构和理化特性;总结了CYN可能对水生生物、土壤作物和人类健康造成的影响和危害,并对相应的致毒机理进行了归纳总结;最后对未来的研究内容和方向进行了展望。     

Biosafety principles for GMOs in the context of sustainable development

If genetically modified organisms are to contribute to welfare they must be considered in the context of sustainable development. Biosafety implies considering the environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainable development. These dimensions can be interpreted through the principles of precaution, polluter pays and public participation. In this article, these key biosafety principles are operationalised and ways of implementing them in society are discussed. A comparison is made between the principles and the present EU law for deliberate release of GMOs. It is concluded that several improvements in EU policy are necessary to ensure sustainable development really is promoted.     

A review of spatial and temporal assessment of PFOS and PFOA contamination in China

The current state of concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in China is presented. While products that are known to degrade to either PFOS or PFOA have been used in China, concentrations in environmental media have been reported to be relatively low across China. Greater concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were observed in southern and eastern China than in other areas of China. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were relatively great in the Huangpu River, with concentrations of 20.5 ng l^?1 and 1590 ng l^?1, respectively. Surface waters of Dongguan and Shanghai were more contaminated by PFOS and PFOA than that of other cities. Dongguan was the only city in China in which PFOS value in surface water exceeded the water quality criterion, while PFOA concentration in Shanghai was 152 ng l^?1. Similar to other contaminants, point-source pollution was also the common pattern of PFOS and PFOA contamination. Concentrations of PFOS in human blood in China were relatively greater in China than other countries, with drinking water contamination given as the most likely source. Concentrations of PFOS in human blood have increased from the 1980s to the 2000s, while such a trend was not observed for PFOA.     

Environmetrical interpretation of analytical data of marine organisms from the black sea

The environmetrical analysis of the benthic organisms data set from a Black sea region has revealed new information concerning the chemical content and the bioindicating abilities of polychaeta (Melina palmata), Crustacea (Aspendopsis ostroumovi) and molluscs (Mytilus gallo‐provincialis). The application of various multivariate statistical approaches like cluster and principal component analysis, linear regression and partial least square modeling, source apportioning makes it possible to understand in a better way the properties of the benthic organism as collectors of pollutants in a total and a more specific mode. It is shown that heavily polluted coastal zones are indicated in the same way by all benthic species but some specificity could be detected when moderately polluted zones are considered. In this case polychaeta accumulated preferably Co, Cr, Cu and Pb Crustacea ‐ As, Cd and Ni and molluscs ‐ Zn to a limited extent.

PCA identified three latent factors (“anthropogenic flotation”;, “anthropogenic galvanic”; and “naturally occurring") which explain about 65% of the total variance of the system and determine the data set structure. The source apportioning on the absolute principal component scores proved that none of the metals is quantitatively linked with only one anthropogenic or natural source.

The linear regression and PLS models have indicated that a reliable prognosis of the pollution on some naturally occurring chemical components (e.g. linear regression on Zn for Cr and Ni) or combination of them (PLS modeling on Mn/Zn or on Mn/Zn/Fe for the rest of the pollutants) could be achieved.     

多杀菌素、阿维菌素乳油和高效氯氰菊酯3种农药对环境生物的安全性评价

防治同一类病虫害的农药种类很多,在保证药效的前提下,选择对施药环境中其他生物安全的农药是非常必要的。通过毒性试验,比较了25 g·L^-1多杀菌素悬浮剂、1.8%阿维菌素乳油和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂对环境生物蜜蜂、家蚕、赤眼蜂、大型溞和斑马鱼的风险。结果表明,25 g·L^-1多杀菌素悬浮剂对蜜蜂为高毒,对家蚕为剧毒,对赤眼蜂为高风险,对斑马鱼和大型溞为低毒;1.8%阿维菌素乳油对蜜蜂为高毒,对家蚕为剧毒,对赤眼蜂为高风险,对斑马鱼和大型溞为剧毒;4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂对蜜蜂为高毒,对家蚕为剧毒,对赤眼蜂为高风险,对斑马鱼和大型溞为剧毒。3种农药对家蚕、蜜蜂、赤眼蜂均为高风险,但与阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯相比多杀菌素对水生生物更安全。     

不同锰处理对镉胁迫下2种油菜重金属累积和根系形态的影响

采用水培试验,研究Cd胁迫(10μmol·L~(-1))条件下,不同浓度Mn(0,0.1,1,10,100μmol·L~(-1))处理对2种镉累积能力不同的油菜生物量、Cd和Mn含量以及根系形态参数的影响。结果表明,与正常营养处理Mn1相比,缺Mn和Mn过量处理显著降低2种油菜的地上部和镉低积累油菜"华骏"的根部生物量,而对普通油菜"寒绿"的根部生物量没有显著影响。与Mn1处理相比,缺Mn处理下2种油菜的Cd累积总量和"华骏"地上部Cd含量显著降低;Mn过量处理下2种油菜根部和地上部Cd含量均呈升高趋势,2种油菜的Cd累积总量无显著变化或显著降低。随Mn处理浓度升高,2种油菜地上部和根部Mn含量显著升高,缺Mn处理下2种油菜根部的Mn含量低于Mn缺乏的临界值。与Mn1处理相比,缺Mn处理下"华骏"的根长、表面积、体积、平均直径和根尖数显著降低;Mn过量处理下"寒绿"的根长以及"华骏"的根系表面积、体积显著降低;缺Mn处理下2种油菜细根表面积所占的比例增加,粗根表面积比例降低;Mn过量时,"寒绿"的粗根表面积比例增加,细根比例降低,而"华骏"则相反。总的来看,缺Mn处理影响油菜根系和地上部生长,减少地上部Cd含量和植株Cd累积总量;Mn过量处理下油菜生长也受到抑制,但是油菜地上部和根部Cd含量有所升高;2种油菜的根系形态学参数在不同Mn处理下变化规律不同,表现出不同的响应策略。