海南省昌化江河口海域生物体中多环芳烃污染特征、来源解析及健康风险评价

为了研究海南昌化江典型海岛型河口海域生物体多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况,应用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析了33种海洋生物体内16种优先控制PAHs的含量,并探讨了PAHs组分、来源和潜在的食用风险.结果表明,底层鱼类(湿重,下同)、甲壳类和中上层鱼类生物体PAHs总量范围分别为5.52～787.98、 12.18～154.64和10.20～199.79 ng·g~(-1),平均含量分别为83.21、 64.72和89.48 ng·g~(-1).各类生物体中PAHs含量存在一定的差异,平均含量由高到低依次为:中上层鱼类、底层鱼类和甲壳类.与国内外其他地区相比,昌化江河口海域生物体PAHs污染处于中低水平.来源分析结果显示,33种海洋生物体中PAHs主要来源于燃烧源(石油燃烧和生物质燃烧)和石油源,且底层生物受到燃烧源影响较大,而中上层生物受到石油源影响较大.风险评价结果显示苯并[a]芘(BaP)含量处于欧盟规定的限值范围,昌化江河口海域大部分生物处于食用安全范围内,但长期食用这些海产品可能会有潜在的健康风险(1.0×10~(-5)≤ILCR1.0×10~(-4)).     

同步去除并富集磷酸盐生物膜驯化过程中微生物种群分析

本实验以同步去除并回收高浓度磷酸盐溶液为目标,开展了以挂式尼龙为生物载体的生物膜驯化培养聚磷菌的人工配水实验研究.通过扫描电镜(SEM)和Illumina MiSeq高通量测序分析技术研究了生物膜驯化过程中生物膜内菌群形态、优势菌及物种多样性变化并验证了短时间内在该常规生物膜上回收高浓度磷酸盐的可行性.反应器运行10 d后挂膜成功,COD出水50 mg·L~(-1)以下,出水磷浓度接近于零,磷去除率95%以上,并在该水平上稳定运行40 d.SEM结果显示50 d时微生物菌落均匀饱满,外形规则,轮廓清晰,成球状.MiSeq高通量测序发现优势菌门包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、Ignavibacteriae门、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae).其中变形菌门从47%增长至58%,占主导地位.而优势聚磷菌为Rhodocyclaceae,从17.9%增长至28.9%.回收阶段,通过提高进水磷酸盐浓度和厌氧阶段溶液中COD浓度,富磷溶液浓度从40 mg·L~(-1)升高到82 mg·L~(-1),在生物膜上实现磷酸盐的富集,并且浓度满足鸟粪石法磷回收的要求.     

垃圾堆肥高效纤维素分解菌的筛选与培育技术

从堆肥、马粪、果园土、污泥等20个样品中，分离筛选出3株对滤纸分解旺盛的纤维素分解菌：C1、C2、C3，并外购康氏木霉、白腐菌、变色栓菌一起作为出发株，经紫外诱变处理后，在含葡萄糖的产酶培养基平板上筛选到能形成较大透明圈的突变株，并进行CMC酶活、微晶纤维素酶活及天然粗纤维分解能力测定。实验结果证明白腐菌经紫外线照射60s诱变而得的C16不仅透明圈大，CMC酶活高（60.08U/mL）是出发株的2倍，而且其对天然粗纤维分解能力强，10d分解率达35％。     

废水除磷工艺中聚磷菌及其缺氧态下吸磷现象

废水生物降磷研究是目前水处理的热点、难点，本文着重探讨了聚磷菌在废水生物处理工艺中的关键作用及运行机理，并介绍了缺氧状态下的生物吸磷现象。     

尔王庄水库水质污染特征和主要问题分析

对引滦输水调剂水库尔王庄水库的水生生态环境和富营养化情况进行了分析，剖析了水质影响因素。为改善尔王庄水库水质提供了有利技术依据。     

反硝化聚磷菌的筛选及脱氮除磷特性

为进一步研究反硝化聚磷菌的机理和性能,对经过SBR反应器富集驯化后的污泥进行实验研究。采用吸磷实验、硝酸盐还原产气实验、革兰氏染色及异染颗粒染色等方法,筛选得到N10、N17和N20 3株菌株;经过16S r DNA的测序鉴定,建立系统发育树,确定3株菌株均为气单胞菌属。绘制3株菌株的生长曲线,并进行厌氧/缺氧和厌氧/好氧静态实验,发现N10和N17菌株在两组实验中均具有较好的脱氮除磷效果,O2和硝酸盐均可作为电子受体;N20菌株仅在厌氧/缺氧实验中表现出脱氮除磷效果,仅可利用硝酸盐作为电子受体。     

用分担率-效益模型确定自动监测系统的安装范围

考虑到我国的污染物控制目标和国情,从污染物排放总量控制及其成本-效益(cost-effect)的角度出发,综合各方面因素对污染物分担率的影响,提出综合累积分担率-效益模型,利用该模型可以计算出成本-效益最优的安装范围.同时可根据环境管理所容许的最低效益,确定需要安装自动在线监测系统的范围及其方法,并以1999年某市污染源COD排放量和1998年全国重点污染源COD排放量的统计资料为例,计算了需要建立自动在线监测系统的企业数及其总成本,为环境管理决策提供科学依据.      

防污漆中活性物质海洋环境风险评估关键技术探讨

防污漆中的活性物质对海洋生态环境和人类健康造成的潜在风险受到日益广泛的关注,一些发达国家已建立了针对活性物质海洋环境风险评估的技术体系,但我国相关研究目前尚属空白。综述了防污漆活性物质海洋环境风险评估的研究背景、相关法规、技术标准和发展现状,针对环境风险评估的2个重要组成部分(危害性评估和暴露评估)中的关键技术进行了探讨。在危害性评估中,重点分析和比较了受试生物物种的选择原则、生态毒理数据的要求以及预测无效应浓度的推导方法和应用范围;在暴露评估中,系统阐述了活性物质在水环境中释放速率的计算及修正方法、环境浓度的预测模型、现有的暴露场景及其局限性等。本文以期为我国开展防污漆活性物质海洋环境风险评估提供研究基础和科学依据,并提出了今后的研究重点和方向。     

Occurrence and seasonal variation of alkylphenols in marine organisms from the coast of Taiwan

The occurrence and distribution of alkylphenols (APs, i.e., 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and 4-nonlyphenol isomers (4-NP)) in oysters (Crassostrea gigas), snails (Thais clavigera), coastal water and coastal sediments of the western coast of southern Taiwan are investigated. Alkylphenols were present in all matrices of interest: in water, ranging from 61 to 370 ng/l, in sediments, ranging from 27 to 190 ng/g, and in biota samples (i.e., oyster and snail), ranging from 20 to 5190 ng/g. Statistical analysis indicated that the probability distribution of most determined concentrations in oyster and snail samples was log-normal distribution. The bioaccumulation of APs resulted in a seasonal variation with respect to their compositions and concentrations in oyster and snail samples. For oysters, concentrations of APs in winter exceeded those in summer. In contrast, those in snails in summer exceeded those in winter. Estimated biomagnification factors of APs from snails to oysters ranged from 1.4 to 4.3 in summer, and 0.5 to 0.8 in winter on the dry weight basis. The results suggested that seasonally mediated physiological changes, such as dilution caused by growth, biotransformation and metabolism, may affect the bioaccumulation of APs in according to season and organism.     

Estimation of intracellular phosphorus content of phosphorus-accumulating organisms at different P:COD feeding ratios

The intracellular phosphorus content of phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAO) was determined based on a stoichiometric equation and phosphorus balance for an enhanced biological phosphorus removal system fed with different P:COD ratios. The data indicated that a higher P:COD feeding ratio could significantly promote the growth of PAO. As the P:COD feeding ratio increased from 0.02:1 to 0.04:1 and 0.16:1, the phosphorus in the sludge increased considerably from 0.053 to 0.084 and 0.205 mg P (mg VSS(aerobic))(-1), respectively, indicating a dynamic condition in the microbial population. From the calculations, the mass fractions of the PAO, glycogen-accumulating organisms, and ordinary heterotrophs changed from 0.10-0.15, 0.83-0.88, and 0.02 at 0.02:1 to 0.19-0.28, 0.70-0.79, and 0.02 at 0.04:1 and to 0.478-0.71, 0.26-0.50, 0.03 at 0.16:1 P:COD feeding ratios, respectively. Despite the variation in microbial diversity, the calculated phosphorus contents of the PAO at all P:COD feeding ratios were consistent between 0.241 and 0.378 mg P (mg VSS(PAO))(-1). The initial specific phosphorus release and uptake rates were 84.7-167.9 mg P (g VSS(PAO))(-1)h(-1) and 52.8-90.0 mgP (g VSS(total))(-1)h(-1), respectively.