水质基准甲壳类受试生物筛选

为筛选我国甲壳类基准受试生物, 依据其分布范围、 生态学意义等选出具有代表性的本土甲壳类生物, 从ECOTOX数据库及公开发表的文献中搜集其毒性数据, 采用物种敏感度分布法分别对浮游甲壳类和底栖甲壳类的物种毒性数据进行敏感性分析. 结果表明: 溞科的溞属(大型溞、 蚤状溞、 僧帽溞和透明溞)、 低额溞属(锯顶低额溞)和网纹溞属(模糊网纹溞)可作为浮游甲壳类基准受试生物; 钩虾科的钩虾属(蚤状钩虾和淡水钩虾)、 长臂虾科的沼虾属〔日本沼虾(青虾)〕和方蟹科的绒螯蟹属(中华绒螯蟹)可作为底栖甲壳类基准受试生物. 此外, 由于甲壳类生物对不同污染物的敏感性排序存在差异, 溞属(大型溞、 蚤状溞、 僧帽溞和透明溞)、 低额溞属(锯顶低额溞)、 钩虾属(蚤状钩虾)和沼虾属(日本沼虾)适用于推导重金属污染物的水生生物基准; 溞属(蚤状溞)、 网纹溞属(模糊网纹溞)、 钩虾属(蚤状钩虾和淡水钩虾)、 绒螯蟹属(中华绒螯蟹)适用于推导各种有机污染物和氨氮的水生生物基准.      

北京清河水体及水生生物体内抗生素污染特征

利用高效液相色谱和串联质谱联用的方法,分析了北京市清河水体和水生生物体内4类抗生素含量水平及污染特征. 结果表明:清河水体中QNs(喹诺酮类)和MCs(大环内酯类)抗生素是主要污染物质,ρ(∑QNs)和ρ(∑MCs)的平均值分别为2238.9和814.9ng/L;在检测的5种大型水生植物体内,QNs和TCs(四环素类)抗生素是主要污染物质,w(∑QNs)和w(∑TCs)的平均值分别为945.3和389.2μg/kg;在鱼类和软体动物体内,QNs和SAs(磺胺类)抗生素是主要污染物质,w(∑QNs)和w(∑SAs)的平均值分别为3213.9和653.5μg/kg. 抗生素对清河水生态系统的环境风险评价结果表明,OFL(氧氟沙星)、CIP(环丙沙星)和NOR(诺氟沙星)对藻类和水生植物的HQs(危害系数)均大于1,说明在清河水体中这3种抗生素对藻类和水生植物存在环境风险. 研究表明,清河水环境存在一定程度的抗生素污染,其中QNs抗生素的HQs较高,其环境风险不容忽视.      

我国六价铬淡水水生生物安全基准推导研究

参照美国国家环境保护局(USEPA)"推导保护水生生物及其用途的国家水质基准的技术指南"的程序和规范,筛选了我国广泛存在的淡水水生生物物种,收集现有的急性和慢性毒性数据,结合课题组实验得到的部分本土生物毒性数据,分别采用物种敏感度排序法(SSR)、物种敏感度分布法(SSD)以及澳大利亚的水质基准技术方法对我国六价铬的淡水水生生物安全基准进行了推导。获得了我国淡水水生生物的六价铬的双值基准,3种方法得到的基准最大浓度(CMC)分别为23.97、22.84、29.06μg·L-1,基准连续浓度(CCC)分别为14.63、10.35、9.00μg·L-1,在同一个数量级上,但与美国的基准值有一些差异,建议使用SSD法推导CMC值和CCC值。研究结果可为我国水质基准的制定提供一些有用的基础资料。     

新型杀菌剂氟吡菌胺对9种环境生物的急性毒性及其在斑马鱼体内的生物富集

为评价新型杀菌剂氟吡菌胺对环境生物的毒性风险,避免其在使用过程中对我国特有的环境生物产生危害,测定了氟吡菌胺对意大利蜜蜂、日本鹌鹑、斑马鱼、家蚕、斜生栅藻、大型溞、玉米螟赤眼蜂、赤子爱胜蚓和黑斑蛙蝌蚪等9种代表性环境生物的急性毒性,并以斑马鱼为试材,研究了氟吡菌胺的生物富集性,即根据鱼类急性毒性结果 LC50(96 h)=1.489 mg·L~(-1),设计生物富集试验水样浓度为LC50的1/2、1/10和1/100,即0.745 mg·L~(-1)、0.149 mg·L~(-1)和0.0149 mg·L~(-1),连续暴露8 d,采用液相色谱法测定3个浓度下氟吡菌胺在斑马鱼体内的富集量。结果表明,氟吡菌胺对斑马鱼、斜生栅藻和大型溞3种水生生物的急性毒性为中毒级,对黑斑蛙蝌蚪急性毒性为高毒级,其对蜜蜂、鸟类、家蚕、蚯蚓和天敌赤眼蜂等环境生物均为低毒或低风险;斑马鱼在0.745、0.149和0.0149 mg·L~(-1)的氟吡菌胺水溶液中暴露192 h时,生物富集系数BCF分别为33.65、26.39和193.25;根据化学农药环境安全评价试验准则评价标准,10BCF≤1000,氟吡菌胺属于中等富集性农药。     

PCR技术在水生毒理学研究中的应用

介绍了聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术的基本原理,并在此基础上综述了PCR技术在水生毒理学研究中的应用及国内外最新研究进展,其中涉及的模式生物包括原生动物、浮游植物、浮游动物和鱼类等。PCR技术不仅为污染物对水生生物的毒性检测带来了便利,还有助于从分子水平上阐述污染物的毒性作用机制。最后指出了目前PCR技术应用的局限性及未来的发展前景。     

Which group is best? Attributes of different biological assemblages used in freshwater biomonitoring programs

Of the many groups of organisms proposed for use in biomonitoring, assemblages of fish, algae, and benthic macroinvertebrates are the most commonly selected. Purported advantages and disadvantages of using these groups, along with those of zooplankton, were assembled from 65 different publications and websites. From these, 13 categories of advantages and nine of disadvantages were created. The diversity of the assemblage and its importance to the ecosystem were reported as advantages in >20% of citations for each group; these similarities suggest that some redundancy exists among the different groups in terms of these features. Likewise, sampling difficulties and lack of analytic metrics were disadvantages listed in >20% of citations for each group. Few reported advantages (e.g. recreational value of fish) or disadvantages (e.g. short generation time of algae) were unique for a particular assemblage. The validity of reported advantages and disadvantages were sometimes region specific, other times incorrect. The choice of which assemblage is most appropriate for a biomonitoring program ultimately depends on the characteristics of the area to be studied and the program objectives.     

乙酸丙酸比例对富集聚磷菌生物除磷系统影响研究

通过丙酸/乙酸(以C计)比例为0.1、0.5、1、2、10的合成废水,在SBR反应器(1#～5#)中长期驯化聚磷菌(PAO)富集的污泥,研究了丙酸/乙酸比例对增强生物除磷系统(EBPR)中短链脂肪酸(SCFA)降解、溶解性正磷(SOP)的释放/吸收及其去除率的影响.结果表明,PAO对SCFA的利用符合一级动力学过程,PAO对丙酸的利用速率较乙酸快,因此,增加丙酸/乙酸比例有助于EBPR系统的稳定性.随丙酸/乙酸比例增加,SOP的释放与吸收量减少,SOP的代谢速率降低,但SOP的去除率明显增加.因此,增加丙酸/乙酸比例有助于提高EBPR系统除磷效率.     

The case for regulating intragenic GMOs

This paper discusses the ethical and regulatory issues raised by “intragenics” – organisms that have been genetically modified using gene technologies, but that do not contain DNA from another species. Considering the rapid development of knowledge about gene regulation and genomics, we anticipate rapid advances in intragenic methods. Of regulatory systems developed to govern genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, the Australian system stands out in explicitly excluding intragenics from regulation. European systems are also under pressure to exclude intragenics from regulation. We evaluate recent arguments that intragenics are safer and more morally acceptable than transgenic organisms, and more acceptable to the public, which might be thought to justify a lower standard of regulation. We argue that the exemption of intragenics from regulation is not justified, and that there may be significant environmental risks associated with them. We conclude that intragenics should be subject to the same standard of regulation as other GMOs.     

Sediment Quality Assessment in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea) Using Complementary Lines of Evidence

Sediments from Polish coastal environments were classified by a quality assessment approach that took into account trace metal and organic micropollutant concentrations, grain-size distribution, and organic carbon content. Generally, no benthic organisms were found at sites where sediments were classified as heavily polluted. However, areas characterized by a moderate contamination showed a variable composition of the benthic community and changing bioaccumulation patterns; therefore, no single species found in the Gulf of Gdańsk could be considered representative of the whole benthic environment. Although sediment monitoring must be considered a suitable tool to detect hot-spot pollution areas in coastal and inland waters, it should be complemented by bioaccumulation measurements to evaluate the actual risk posed by contaminants to benthic organisms. This “biological information” allows a better appreciation of the real benthic infaunal community exposure to chemicals and can usefully complement the existing sediment quality guidelines.     

厌氧—交替O/A的序批式膜生物反应器脱氮除磷性能比较

提出一种高效脱氮除磷的新工艺,即厌氧-交替O/A的序批式膜生物反应器.在HRT为8.4 h、交替O/A时间为10min/10 min时,系统氨氮、总氮、总磷的平均去除率分别达到99.57%、89.92%、93.26%.典型周期试验证明.频繁的O/A环境更利于系统高效脱氮除磷,且O/A交替越频繁,系统中反硝化聚磷菌(DPAO)占聚磷菌(PAO)的比例(即缺氧吸磷速率与好氧吸磷速率的比值)越大.当交替O/A时间为10 min/10 min时.系统中DPAO占PAO的比例为70.87%,比交替O/A时间为30 min/30 min时提高了66%.