Fecal contamination in irrigation water and microbial quality of vegetable primary production in urban farms of Metro Manila,Philippines

Microbial contamination of fresh produce can present a severe risk to public health. By conducting a rigorous survey of irrigation waters, the impacts of fecal contamination on the quality of produce could be assessed. In this study, surface waters were observed to be contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and somatic coliphages. Culture methods show that out of 373 irrigation water, soil, and vegetable samples collected for a 1-year period, 232 (62.20%) were found positive for E. coli, 213 (57.26%) for somatic coliphages, and 2 (0.53%) for Salmonella spp. Out of 190 water samples, 167 (87.9%) were found to have E.coli, 174 (91.6%) have somatic coliphages, and 1 (0.5%) with Salmonella spp. In soil samples, 36 of 91 (39.6%) have E. coli, 31 (34.0%) have somatic coliphages, and none with Salmonella spp. Lastly, out of 92 vegetable samples, 29 (31.5%), 8 (8.7%), and 1 (1.1%) were found to have E. coli, somatic coliphages, and Salmonella spp., respectively. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of bacterial contaminants. Seasonal weather conditions were noted to have an effect on the presence and number of these fecal indicator organisms. The observed data suggest that contaminated irrigation water may greatly affect the quality of fresh produce from these agricultural operations.     

复合人工湿地去除有机污染物的研究

人工湿地中不同的污染物的去除机理不同,其去污的影响因素也不同.在国内,人工湿地对氮磷去除的研究较多,对新型有机污染物的研究很少,在很多机理上还属空白.总结了近年来国内外湿地对有机污染物去除的研究进展情况以及不同湿地类型对去除率的影响.系统的分析了有关湿地植物,基质,微生物对于有机污染物的去除作用机理,提出了存在问题并对今后湿地去除有机污染物的研究进行了展望.     

5种酚类化合物对3种水生生物的毒性作用

通过测定藻细胞密度和溞数量的变化,研究了5种酚类化合物对蛋白核小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidosa）、斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）和多刺裸腹溞（Moina macrocopa）3种水生生物的影响.结果表明,在实验第6天,随酚类化合物浓度增加,藻细胞密度与对照组相比明显下降,多刺裸腹...     

Protest,politics and produce: a resource account of anti-genetically modified organism activism

Activism research is over-reliant on social psychological frameworks emphasising framing or ideological-based explanations. The current underdevelopment of resource-based accounts requires urgent attention from social movement scholars. Stressing the rationality of social movement actors, resource mobilisation theory is used to assess and understand the empirical validity of resource-driven social mobilisation. Anti-genetically modified organism (GMO) activism in France is selected as a uniquely ripe context for exploring resource mobilisation. A resource-based examination reveals why, when and how key anti-GMO movement actors differentiated their strategies on the basis of protest, politics and produce. A new framework is proposed to encompass key variables around material, human and network-based resources. It is argued that resource mobilisation research designs need to move beyond financially driven causal arguments.     

DPR-SNED系统处理低C/N城市污水与硝酸盐废水的运行特性

为实现低C/N城市污水与含硝酸盐废水的同步处理,采用SBR接种活性污泥,通过合理控制厌氧/缺氧/低氧时间和溶解氧(DO)浓度,实现了反硝化除磷耦合同步硝化内源反硝化(DPR-SNED)系统的启动,并对启动过程中系统的脱氮除磷特性进行了研究.结果表明采用厌氧/低氧的运行方式,控制厌氧时间为3 h,好氧段DO浓度为0. 5～1. 0 mg·L-1,60 d可实现同步硝化内源反硝化除磷(SNEDPR)系统的启动,出水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度0. 5 mg·L-1,系统氮磷去除率维持在90%以上,COD的去除率维持在80%以上,系统SNED率和CODins率分别维持在70%和95%左右;随后改变运行方式,采用厌氧/缺氧/低氧的方式运行,缺氧段前进含硝酸盐废水,45 d可实现DPR-SNED系统的启动,缺氧末PO_4~(3-)-P浓度1. 1 mg·L-1,出水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度0. 5 mg·L-1,系统磷、COD去除率均维持在90%以上,氮去除率维持在88%以上,系统SNED率和CODins率分别维持在62%和90%左右. DPR-SNED系统的成功启动后,厌氧段聚糖菌和聚磷菌对城市污水有限碳源的充分利用和强化储存,可为后续缺氧段及好氧段的脱氮除磷提供充足的内碳源.此外,DPR-SNED系统缺氧段内源短程反硝化的进行保障了系统在低C/N(4)条件下的高效脱氮.     

复合人工湿地中反硝化除磷作用的发生及其稳定性

将2套潮汐流人工湿地(T-A和T-B)构建为复合人工湿地(HCW),研究了HCW中反硝化除磷作用的发生及其稳定性.结果表明,当HCW按照两段进水潮汐流方式连续运行时,T-A的反硝化除磷性能和T-B的硝化性能均可得以强化,HCW随之具有理想的同步脱氮除磷效果;周期性补充碳源的磷移除操作可缓解T-A中磷素的过量积累,同时可提高反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)胞内聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)的合成量,有助于HCW反硝化除磷效果的高效与稳定;当磷移除周期为30 d时,T-A在反硝化除磷过程中对TP与NOx--N的去除率分别为(97. 86±0. 70)%和(98. 29±2. 62)%,在磷移除过程中的磷素释放量、PHB合成量(以C/填料计)及补充碳源利用率分别为(1 486. 29±123. 25) mg、(4. 43±0. 57) mmol·g~(-1)和(94. 65±2. 66)%,HCW的磷素回收效率则为63. 97%.本研究为人工湿地同步脱氮除磷提供了新的思路,又进一步拓展了磷回收技术的研发和应用范围.     

污泥转移对SBR工艺微生物群落结构及其除磷效能影响分析

采用污泥转移SBR工艺处理以生活污水为基础的合成废水。污泥转移能够强化厌氧生物选择器中聚磷菌的筛选,从而显著提升传统SBR工艺的除磷性能。对比传统SBR,应用荧光原位杂交(FISH)和聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)考察了污泥转移SBR中微生物种群结构的变化及除磷特性。结果表明,污泥转移SBR中磷的去除率总体呈上升趋势,稳定在93%左右;而传统SBR中磷的平均去除率为50%。DGGE试验表明,污泥转移SBR首尾样品的相似性系数为36.8%,传统SBR的则为54.7%;污泥转移SBR的香农指数下降率为5.6%,而传统SBR的香农指数下降率为4%。微生物种群在驯化过程中发生了变化,即微生物种群的优势菌在反应器启动阶段被筛选和富集。对比传统SBR,污泥转移SBR中微生物种群的这一驯化现象表现得更为明显。FISH试验表明,污泥转移SBR的聚磷菌占全菌比例在反应器稳定后可达到46%,聚糖菌则稳定在22%;传统SBR稳定后的聚磷菌比例为35%,聚糖菌比例为30%。传统SBR和污泥转移SBR的聚磷菌比例都先沿程增加最后稳定,且聚磷菌是优势菌。污泥转移SBR的聚糖菌沿程减少,聚磷菌抑制了聚糖菌的生长。因此,污泥转移SBR工艺具有筛选大量聚磷菌且抑制聚糖菌的除磷优势。     

Characterization of arsenic content in marine organisms from temperate, tropical, and polar environments

Arsenic is a widely distributed element which occurs in several chemical forms in the marine environment. Inorganic arsenic mediates the most toxic effects and predominates in sea water and sediments, while organisms generally accumulate non-toxic organic forms to concentrations probably reflecting species-specific characteristics in arsenic metabolism. This work represents an additional contribution to our knowledge on natural levels and chemical speciation of arsenic in marine organisms; basal concentrations were characterized in several species (bivalves, crustaceans, and fishes) from different environments (polar, temperate, and tropical latitudes), and results revealed an elevated variability with values ranging from less than 5 to about 200 μg g^-1. No significant effects were observed as a function of the geographical area, with the only exception of crustaceans always showing more elevated arsenic concentrations in Mediterranean species (about 45-110 μg g^-1) compared with tropical species (lower than 30 μg g^-1). Chemical speciation of arsenic was investigated in representative species from the three studied taxa; the predominance of organic forms confirmed the general tendency of marine organisms to bioaccumulate non-toxic arsenic compounds, probably resulting from a detoxification pathway.     

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) responses to fertilization and salinity under irrigation conditions

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) has not been widely introduced in arid and semi-arid regions where irrigation, fertilization, and salinity are important factors in plant growth. The main objective of this study was to determine the response of vetiver to fertilization (fertigation) and salinity and their interactions under irrigated conditions. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in 10-L pots. Combined effects of three nutrients concentrations and three salinity levels of electrical conductivity (EC) 1, 3 and 6 dS/m in the irrigation water on growth and transpiration of vetiver plants and the content of different elements in their foliage were studied. Similar contents of 3.7 g/kg Na, 5.77 g/kg Ca and 2.55 g/kg Mg were found in the foliage of all the plants irrigated with the different fertilizer and salinity levels. Concentrations of 59 mg/L N and 36.1 mg/L K in the irrigation water were sufficient for vetiver plants needs at the different salinity levels tested. The salinity threshold (the maximum EC in the soil solution that does not cause a significant yield reduction) for vetiver was between 3 and 6 dS/m. A concentration of 15.2 mg/L P in the irrigation water was the optimum value for vetiver growth in the three salinity levels, resulting in an average content of 5.95 g/kg P in plant foliage. It is suggested that vetiver is sensitive to excess P (>8.66 g/kg). Increasing EC in the irrigation water to 6 dS/m decreased plant foliage biomass mainly due to an increase in the osmotic potential of the irrigation water and high Cl⁻ concentration in the foliage.     

安徽太平湖水库饵料生物资源及其变化研究

１９９２年１１月至１９９３年８月，对太平洋水库浮游生物和底栖动物的周年调查结果表明，该库的天然饵料资源比较丰富，与８年前的资料相比，各类饵料生物的生物量均有较大幅度的增加，饵料生物的年产鱼潜力合计约为１２５万ｋｇ，化学分析结果显示，太平湖水库目前水质状况尚好。