太湖生物区系研究及与北美五大湖的比较

研究太湖水生生物区系特征,分析各类生物区系的变化及其原因,并与北美五大湖相应的水生生物区系进行了比较. 结果表明:太湖共有水生生物146科442种,其中鱼类25科107种,占24.2%; 底栖动物21科66种,占14.9%; 浮游动物37科103种,占23.3%; 浮游植物29科81种,占18.3%; 水生植物34科85种,占19.2%. 总体上太湖各类水生生物的种数和科数差别都不大,鱼类和浮游动物稍多. 北美五大湖各类水生生物的种数分别为鱼类134种、底栖动物165种、浮游动物132种以及浮游植物1 456种,除浮游植物种类较多外,其他3类水生生物的种数与太湖大致相当. 五大湖鱼类以鲑科和鲤科鱼类为主体,分别占鱼类总数的18.7%和20.1%,其中除伊利湖外其他4个湖都是鲑科占优势; 太湖鱼类以鲤科为主体,占鱼类总数的56.1%,这是太湖鱼类区系的主要特征,也是我国淡水鱼类的主要特征,所以鲤科是我国水质基准推导的优先选择物种. 太湖和五大湖中鱼类、底栖动物和浮游动物3类生物所占比例差别不大.      

应用物种敏感性分布评估多环芳烃对淡水生物的生态风险（Assessing Ecological Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons（PAHs）to Freshwater Organisms by Species Sensitivity Distributions）

阐述了利用物种敏感性分布进行生态风险评价的原理与方法,构建了淡水生物对8种常见多环芳烃(蒽、芘、苯并[a]芘、荧蒽、菲、芴、苊、萘)的物种敏感性分布;在此基础上,计算了这8种多环芳烃对不同类别生物的HC5(Hazardous Concentration for5%of the species)阈值,预测了不同浓度多环芳烃对生物的潜在影响比例PAF(Potentialaffected fraction),比较了不同类别生物对多环芳烃的敏感性,以及多环芳烃对淡水生物的生态风险,并对以红枫湖、黄河、白洋淀为代表的中国典型水体中的多环芳烃进行了联合生态风险评价.结果表明:1)当污染物浓度达到10μg·L-1时,半数多环芳烃的风险超过了5%的阈值;当浓度上升到100μg·L-1时,只有萘和苊没有显著生态风险.2)对于芴和荧蒽,无脊椎动物更为敏感;而对于萘,则脊椎动物更敏感.3)通过HC5值比较和SSD曲线图比较,可得出污染物对所有物种的生态风险大小依次为:蒽>芘>苯并[a]芘>荧蒽>菲>芴>苊>萘;对脊椎动物风险大小为:荧蒽>苊>萘;对无脊椎动物:蒽>芘>荧蒽>菲>芴>苊>萘.4)多环芳烃在红枫湖、黄河、小白洋淀的生态风险均较低,急性联合msPAF(multisubstance PAF)值小于1%.     

Modelling the effect of in-stream and overland dispersal on gene flow in river networks

Modelling gene flow across natural landscapes is a current challenge of population genetics. Models are essential to make clear predictions about conditions that cause genetic differentiation or maintain connectivity between populations. River networks are a special case of landscape matrix. They represent stretches of habitat connected according to a branching pattern where dispersal is usually limited to upstream or downstream movements. Because of their peculiar topology, and the increasing concern about conservation issues in hydrosystems, there has been a recent revival of interest in modelling dispersal in river networks. Network complexity has been shown to influence global population differentiation. However, geometric characteristics are likely to interact with the way individuals move across space. Studies have focused on in-stream movements. None of the work published so far took into consideration the ability of many species to disperse overland between branches of the same network though. We predicted that the relative contribution of these two dispersal modalities (in-stream and overland) would affect the overall genetic structure. We simulated dispersal in synthetic river networks using an individual-based model. We tested the effect of dispersal modalities, i.e. the ratio of overland/in-stream dispersal, and two geometric parameters, bifurcation angle between branches and network complexity. Data revealed that if geometrical parameters affected population differentiation, dispersal parameters had the strongest effect. Interestingly, we observed a quadratic relationship between p the proportion of overland dispersers and population differentiation. We interpret this U-shape pattern as a balance between isolation by distance caused by in-stream movements at low values of p and intense migrant exchanges within the same branching unit at high values of p. Our study is the first attempt to model out-of-network movements. It clearly shows that both geometric and dispersal parameters interact. Both should be taken into consideration in order to refine predictions about dispersal and gene flow in river network.     

137 Cs在我国滨海核电周边海洋生物的富集及生态风险研究

铯-137(~(137)Cs)是滨海核电站液态流出物中主要人工放射性核素和重要监控指标之一,易被水生生物累积,有关核电周边海域内海洋生物的核素富集状况备受关注。通过分析海洋生物富集放射性~(137)Cs的方式、生物富集系数的种群特征、人工放射性核素在生物体内的辐射剂量率状况,结果显示:1)滨海核电周边海域内~(137)Cs的放射性水平较低; 2)海洋生物对于~(137)Cs的富集未呈现显著的种群规律; 3)目前对放射性铯的富集能力较高的生物主要是底栖生物; 4)核电厂周边海域内海洋生物通常未达到可导致电离辐射损伤的辐射剂量率水平。随着滨海核电在我国的大力发展,对能够快速反映环境放射性状况的指示生物的筛选、生物放射性质量安全及其生态健康风险需进一步关注。     

2种典型家用消毒剂对水生生物的急性毒性影响及生态效应阈值研究

家用消毒剂大量用于日常生活中,进入水体环境后对水生生物产生潜在危害效应,目前尚缺乏保护水生生物安全的生态效应阈值。本研究以2种典型家用消毒剂(有效成分分别为对氯间二甲苯酚和次氯酸钠,前者命名为消毒剂A、后者为消毒剂B)为研究对象,开展其对8种不同营养级淡水水生生物的急性毒性效应研究。结果表明,除底栖动物外,消毒剂B对藻类、溞类和鱼类的急性毒性均高于消毒剂A;我国本土种稀有鮈鲫对2种消毒剂的敏感性高于其他2种鱼类;2种消毒剂对藻类的毒性高低均为近头状伪蹄形藻斜生栅藻蛋白核小球藻;近头状伪蹄形藻对2种消毒剂最敏感。基于上述毒性数据构建了物种敏感分布(SSD)曲线,计算对保护95%的物种不受影响时所对应的污染物浓度(HC5),并结合评估因子法推导出2种消毒剂预测无效应浓度(PNEC)值作为急性生态效应阈值,消毒剂A和消毒剂B的PNEC值分别为13.16 mg·L~(-1)(有效成分对氯间二甲苯酚PNEC值为0.33 mg·L~(-1))和0.71 mg·L~(-1)(有效成分次氯酸钠PNEC值为0.01 mg·L~(-1)),消毒剂A对淡水生物的PNEC比消毒剂B大了一个数量级,表明相较于消毒剂B,消毒剂A对水生态环境更为友好。本研究结果可为制订典型家用消毒剂的水质基准提供科学依据。     

溴氯海因在水环境中的降解及其对4种水生生物的急性毒性

研究了新型消毒剂溴氯海因(BCDMH)在水环境中的降解规律及其影响因素以及BCDMH对4种不同生态位水生生物(发光菌、小球藻、大型溞和斑马鱼)的急性毒性.结果表明:1)BCDMH的正辛醇/水分配系数(Kow)为3.74(25℃),在水环境中的降解符合一级动力学方程C=C0×e-k·t,其一级反应速率常数k随温度升高而增大,25℃时k值为0.3577,半衰期为1.72d.2)pH6～9时,pH值越低BCDMH降解越快,碱性条件对其降解有显著抑制;自然光照和曝气有利于BCDMH的降解.3)BCDMH对斑马鱼的96hLC50=3.68mg·L-1,属高毒;对大型溞的24hLC50=1.44mg·L-1,属高毒;对小球藻的96hEC50=4.15mg·L-1,属高毒;对发光菌的1hEC50=0.62mg·L-1,属极高毒.     

Cost-effective nutrient reductions to coupled heterogeneous marine water basins: An application to the Baltic Sea

In this paper, the role of nutrient transports between marine basins is investigated for cost-effective solutions to predetermined marine basin targets. The interdependent advective nutrient transports as well as retentions among the seven major marine basins of the Baltic Sea are described by input-output analysis. This is in contrast to prior economic studies of transboundary water pollution that include only direct transport between the basins. The analytical results show that the difference in impacts between transport specifications depends mainly on the openness of the basins, that is, their transports with other basins. The application on Baltic Sea shows significant differences in costs and policy design between the nutrient transport specifications. The reason is that the Sea is characterized by long water and nutrient residence times, so relatively large part of nutrients are transported among basins.     

污泥转移对SBR工艺微生物群落结构及其除磷效能影响分析

采用污泥转移SBR工艺处理以生活污水为基础的合成废水。污泥转移能够强化厌氧生物选择器中聚磷菌的筛选,从而显著提升传统SBR工艺的除磷性能。对比传统SBR,应用荧光原位杂交(FISH)和聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)考察了污泥转移SBR中微生物种群结构的变化及除磷特性。结果表明,污泥转移SBR中磷的去除率总体呈上升趋势,稳定在93%左右;而传统SBR中磷的平均去除率为50%。DGGE试验表明,污泥转移SBR首尾样品的相似性系数为36.8%,传统SBR的则为54.7%;污泥转移SBR的香农指数下降率为5.6%,而传统SBR的香农指数下降率为4%。微生物种群在驯化过程中发生了变化,即微生物种群的优势菌在反应器启动阶段被筛选和富集。对比传统SBR,污泥转移SBR中微生物种群的这一驯化现象表现得更为明显。FISH试验表明,污泥转移SBR的聚磷菌占全菌比例在反应器稳定后可达到46%,聚糖菌则稳定在22%;传统SBR稳定后的聚磷菌比例为35%,聚糖菌比例为30%。传统SBR和污泥转移SBR的聚磷菌比例都先沿程增加最后稳定,且聚磷菌是优势菌。污泥转移SBR的聚糖菌沿程减少,聚磷菌抑制了聚糖菌的生长。因此,污泥转移SBR工艺具有筛选大量聚磷菌且抑制聚糖菌的除磷优势。     

三株反硝化聚磷菌的筛选及其生理生化特性的鉴定

为研究反硝化聚磷菌的生物学特性,通过吸磷试验、硝酸盐还原产气试验及异染颗粒和PHB颗粒染色辅助检验,从苏州某食品厂排放的废水中分离筛选出3株高效反硝化聚磷菌B4,B5和B6.经鉴定,分别属于沙雷菌（Serratia）、拉恩菌（Rahnella aquatilis）和不动杆菌（Acinetobacter）。测定了这3株菌的生长曲线。研究了温度和pH值对这3株菌的生长及除磷脱氮效能的影响,结果表明,B4,B5和B6菌株的生长和除磷脱氮反应最适温度均在30℃左右;在中温条件下,B4,B5和B6生长的最适pH值为6．5～8．5;3株菌除磷反应的最佳pH值均为中性偏碱。     

罗源湾多介质中重金属的分布特征与评价

于2005年9月对罗源湾海水、表层沉积物和生物体中重金属Cu、Pb、As、Hg、Zn、Cd的含量及分布情况进行了调查,并运用单因子指数法进行现状评价.结果表明:海水各重金属浓度符合海水水质二类标准,均小于渔业水质标准,同1986年的调查结果相比较,各种重金属的浓度都有所增加;表层沉积物中重金属的含量基本上符合海洋沉积物质量一类标准;生物体中重金属的含量除牡蛎Cd严重超标外,其余均符合无公害水产品的要求.