杭州市水域的磷污染与禁限含磷洗涤剂的响应关系研究

以拥有中国典型城市湖泊——西湖的杭州市作为研究对象,计算了含磷洗涤剂的磷负荷贡献率,分析了禁磷前后城市内河和西湖水体中磷负荷浓度的变化行为。研究结果表明,洗涤剂中磷酸盐磷占杭州市生活污水中总磷负荷的30.7%,实施禁磷后钱塘江和运河中磷负荷有不同程度的降低,但西湖水体的磷负荷变化不明显。从而可以认为,在杭州市实施禁磷可以作为控制水体富营养化的一个辅助手段,可以遏制水体进一步恶化。而全面消除水体富营养化还需建设城市三级污水处理厂、控制面源污染等其它手段的协作才能实现。     

夏季潮滩对上海老港垃圾填埋场渗滤液氮、磷净化效果研究

垃圾填埋产生的渗滤液造成的环境污染问题El益严重。采用自然湿地对垃圾渗滤液净化有诸多优点,而相关的研究较少。根据渗滤液的不同浓度和不同滞留时间的净化效果不同,采用实验室模拟和培养的方法来研究老港垃圾填埋场附近潮滩对垃圾渗滤液营养盐N、P的净化效果。研究发现：夏季老港中、低潮滩在较短滞留时间（6h）内对各浓度渗滤液中N、P的净化效果不明显,而在较长滞留时间内（96h）中、低潮滩对各浓度渗滤液净化效果明显,净化后污水中N、P含量可达到排放标准;垃圾渗滤液质量分数为5％时,潮滩对N、P的净化效果最为明显。     

A new strategy for obtaining highly concentrated phosphorus recovery solution in biofilm phosphorus recovery process

Recovery of phosphorus（P） from wastewater is of great significance for alleviating the shortage of P resources. At present, the P recovery process is faced with the problem of excessive organic carbon consumption when obtaining a P-concentrated recovery solution. This study proposed a new strategy to obtain a more highly concentrated P recovery solution with minimal carbon consumption by strengthening the P storage capacity of the biofilm. A biofilm sequencing batch reactor（BSBR） process was mod...     

Dissolved organic carbon, a critical factor to increase the bioavailability of phosphorus during biochar-amended aerobic composting

Considerable research efforts have been devoted to increase phosphorus（P） availability during aerobic composting.However,there is little discussion weather the dissolved organic carbon（DOC） controls the transformation among P-fractions.Thus,we investigated the changes in DOC compositions and P-fractions during biochar-amended composting（wet weight basis,5% and 10%）.TP content continuously increased since the ’concentration effect’ during aerobic composting.NaHCO₃-Pi,NaOH-Pi and HCl-Pi...     

天然水与28种市售饮用水中"三氮"和磷的调查

2004年8月,测定了海水、黄河水、小清河水、雨水、地下水以及17种瓶装矿泉水、9种瓶装纯净水和北京市、青岛市自来水中的"三氮" (NH 4-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N) 、无机磷、pH、DO等,发现天然水中NO-3-N过高,水体氮负荷增加,N/P最高达697,雨水pH最低为3.98,部分矿泉水NO-3-N比青岛市自来水还高,北京市自来水的NO-3-N高达8.53 mg/L,为所测饮用水之首.     

城市生活污泥和矿化垃圾中氮磷淋失的模拟研究

通过模拟土柱实验,分析了城市生活污泥和矿化垃圾中氮磷的迁移对地下水的影响以及矿化垃圾对氮磷的去除特性.测定项目包括总磷、总氮、硝态氮、pH和电导率(EC).结果表明:施用污泥和矿化垃圾后淋滤液的pH呈下降趋势;EC和总氮都有显著增加;硝态氮增加特别明显,容易造成地下水污染;总磷变化不大,污染地下水的可能性较小.矿化垃圾对氮的去除作用不明显,反而增加了淋滤液中的氮素含量,但对磷的去除效果明显.因此,在利用矿化垃圾取代土壤时,应注意矿化垃圾中氮特别是硝态氮的污染.     

Phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics of floodplain sediments in the lower reaches of the Hanjiang River, China

The phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics of seven floodplain sediment samples collected in the lower reaches of China’s Hanjiang River were studied. Most phosphorus fractions showed a marked downstream increase in response to point-source inputs from urban areas. Total phosphorus (TP) contents in the sediments ranged from 603.68 to 945.25 mg.kg⁻¹. Inorganic phosphorus (IP) was the major component of TP, and calcium-bound phosphorus (Ca–P) was the major fraction of IP. The distribution characteristics of the phosphorus contents were affected by sediment grain size and hydrodynamic conditions. The maximum phosphorus adsorption capacities (Q _max) and the half-saturation concentration (k) were obtained using an improved Langmuir model. Native adsorbed exchangeable phosphorus content (w _NAP) and the zero-equilibrium phosphorus concentration value (c _EPC0) were subsequently calculated. The effects of sediment grain size, temperature, and disturbance on the phosphorus adsorption isotherms were also studied. The results showed that phosphorus adsorption on floodplain sediments was primarily chemisorption; the particle concentration effect played a more important role at a disturbance intensity of 150 r.min⁻¹ (on a shaker table) than at 100 r.min⁻¹.     

餐饮行业污水中磷的测定方法改进

测定污水中磷时,特别是餐饮行业污水,消解后浊度大,文章对利用活性炭脱色进行了实验研究.     

Phosphorus availability changes chromium toxicity in the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris

Chromium (Cr) is one of the most serious pollutants in aquatic systems. This study examined the relationship between the toxic effects of Cr on the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris and phosphorus (P) availability on the algal physiology and ultrastructure. Cr inhibited C. vulgaris growth in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and its inhibitory effect was related to the P concentration. In a low-P medium, Cr showed approximately 2.2–3.7-fold stronger toxicity than in a high-P medium. Cr was absorbed into the algal body where it disrupted the chloroplast structure and decreased the chlorophyll content. However, Cr had a weaker chlorophyll inhibitory ability and destructive power against the chloroplasts in the high-P medium than in the low-P medium due to the partial blockage of Cr absorption in high P-medium. Cr exposure also changed the metal ion and anion absorption profiles, which was also closely related to the concentration of P. Cr treatment increased the volume of the vacuole, and the larger vacuole reduced the space available for chloroplasts, as based on optical and electron microscopy results, but a higher P availability could alleviate this damage. These results suggest that high P alleviated the toxicity of Cr by decreasing Cr absorption and increasing the absorption of beneficial ions. It is, therefore, necessary to consider the phosphorus availability when the toxicity of metal compounds is evaluated.     

Static yields and quality issues: Is the agri-environment program the primary driver?

The Finnish agri-environmental program (AEP) has been in operation for 20 years with >90 % farmer commitment. This study aimed to establish whether reduced nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) use has impacted spring cereal yields and quality based on comprehensive follow-up studies and long-term experiments. We found that the gap between genetic yield potential and attained yield has increased after the AEP was imposed. However, many contemporary changes in agricultural practices, driven by changes in prices and farm subsidies, also including the AEP, were likely reasons, together with reduced N, but not phosphorus use. Such overall changes in crop management coincided with stagnation or decline in yields and adverse changes in quality, but yield-removed N increased and residual N decreased. Further studies are needed to assess whether all the changes are environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable, and acceptable, in the long run. The concept of sustainable intensification is worth considering as a means to develop northern European agricultural systems to combine environmental benefits with productivity.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0637-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.