干季滇池水质与盘龙江水质的研究

通过对滇池水域和盘龙江下游水质进行采样,分析了水中pH值、浊度、溶解氧(DO)、电导率、叶绿素、化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)、氨态氮(NH3-N)等8个指标。研究表明,滇池近岸水域中pH值偏碱性、浊度大、叶绿素含量和化学需氧量高、总磷量高、溶解氧过饱和;在滇池外海水域,除溶解氧、叶绿素较高外,其余指标大多在水质标准(Ⅲ类)范围内;而在盘龙江下游区域内,水质差,各项指标都超过地表水Ⅴ类标准,这一事实可能会加重滇池的水体污染。     

Effect of fertilization and irrigation schedule on water and fertilizer solute transport for wheat crop in a sub-humid sub-tropical region

In order to increase the water and fertilizer use efficiency and decrease the losses of water and fertilizer solutes (N and P), it is necessary to assess the influence of level of fertilization and irrigation schedule on movement and balance of water and fertilizers in the root zone. With this goal, the reported study was undertaken to determine the effect of fertilization and irrigation schedule on water movement and fertilizer solute transport in wheat crop field in a sub-tropical sub-humid region. Field experiments were conducted on wheat crop of cultivar Sonalika (Triticum aestivum L.) during the years 2002–2003, 2003–2004 and 2004–2005. Each experiment consisted of four fertilizer treatments and three irrigation treatments during the wheat growth period. During the experiment, the irrigation treatments were: I₁ = 10% maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of available soil water (ASW); I₂ = 40% MAD of ASW; I₃ = 60% MAD of ASW. The fertilizer treatments during the experiment were: F₁ = control treatment with N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 0:0:0 kg ha⁻¹; F₂ = fertilizer application of N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 80:40:40 kg ha⁻¹; F₃ = fertilizer application of N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 120:60:60 kg ha⁻¹ and F₄ = fertilizer application of N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 160:80:80 kg ha⁻¹. The results of the investigation revealed that low volume high frequency irrigation results in higher deep percolation losses than the low frequency high volume irrigation with different levels of fertilization for wheat crop in coarse lateritic soil, whereas different levels of fertilization did not significantly affect soil water balance of the wheat crop root zone during all the irrigation schedules. Level of fertilization and irrigation schedule had significant effect on nitrogen leaching loss whereas irrigation schedules had no significant effect on nitrogen uptake under different levels of fertilization. On the other hand, the leaching loss of phosphorus was not significantly influenced by the irrigation schedule and level of fertilization of wheat crop. This indicated that PO₄–P leaching loss was very low in the soil solution as compared to nitrogen due to fixation of phosphorus in soils. From the observed data of nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency, it was revealed that irrigation schedule with 40% maximum allowable depletion of available soil water with F₂ fertilizer treatment (N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 80:40:40 kg ha⁻¹) was the threshold limit for wheat crop with respect to nitrogen and phosphorus use, crop yield and environmental pollution.     

日光型厌氧好氧一体化技术处理滨海农村污水

对日光型厌氧好氧一体化技术处理农村生活污水的效能进行了应用研究。系统的处理量为89t/d,HRT为1.8 d,水解酸化段水力负荷为0.78 m3/(m3·d),接触氧化段水力负荷4.24 m3/(m3·d),稳定运行6个月结果表明:该工艺对CODcr、NH3-N 、TP和SS的去除率分别为73.2%、49.5%、56.1%和79.3%,出水 CODcr、NH3-N、TP、SS的平均浓度分别在60.3 mg/L、20.4 mg/L、2.7 mg/L、26.7 mg/L以下出水水质达到GB18918-2002要求。     

A model of phosphorus cycling in the epilimnion of oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes

A dynamic size-based model describing phosphorus (P) cycling in the epilimnion of lakes is established and validated against published data, and some influences of epilimnetic community structure and function on phosphorus cycling are investigated. We used literature values where possible and calibration otherwise to obtain parameter values. The simulation results show good agreement with empirical and experimental data. The model-derived turnover times of nanoplankton and mesoplankton exhibited a positive relationship with total phosphorus (TP), but the turnover times of larger size-functional groups did not. Nanoplankton and picoplankton became similar in their turnover times with increasing TP. Addition of fish altered the size of particulate P pools and turnover rates, decreased phosphate turnover times and decreased phosphorus sedimentation rates as expected from empirical studies. The model predictions appear to be robust and reasonably successful in reproducing the known behaviour of the P-cycle in the epilimnia of oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes.     

Anthropogenic phosphorus flow analysis of Lujiang County, Anhui Province, Central China

Anthropogenic phosphorus load in the aquatic environment of Lujiang County, central China, may be a serious problem, greatly contributing to surface water eutrophication. Using substance flow analysis, this study develops a phosphorus-flow analytical model to trace the pathways of this limiting nutrient throughout Lujiang's socioeconomic system. The model includes six major subsystems: extraction, phosphorous chemical industry, agriculture, animal husbandry, human consumption, and phosphorous waste management. We conducted qualitative and quantitative analyses of the primary phosphorous flows and stocks within these subsystems in Lujiang County over 2008. Approaches to data include statistical reports and literature reviews, face-to-face interviews and questionnaire-based surveys. The results show the total phosphorus input and output were 8311.5 tons and 5664.6 tons, respectively, in Lujiang in 2008, resulting in a phosphorus surplus of 2646.9 tons in the socioeconomic system. The phosphorus load in the recipient waters, as part of the total phosphorus output, was estimated to be 1666.7 tons. Large-scale livestock operations contributed the most phosphorus to local surface waters, accounting for 55.8% and followed by human consumption (23.0%) and agriculture (21.2%). Consequently, it should be of central concern for policy makers to improve phosphorous reuse efficiency in order to reduce phosphorus release into the aquatic environment. Limitations of the methodology and data are also discussed.     

Index models to evaluate the risk of phosphorus and nitrogen loss at catchment scales

This paper investigates index models as a tool to estimate the risk of N and P source strengths and loss at the catchment scale. The index models assist managers in improving the focus of remediation actions that reduce nutrient delivery to waterbodies. N and P source risk factors (e.g. soil nutrient concentrations) and transport risk factors (e.g. distance-to-streams) are used to determine the overall risk of nutrient loss for a case study in the Tuross River catchment of coastal southeast Australia. In the development of the N index model for Tuross, particulate N was considered important based on the observed event water quality data. In contrast to previous N index models, erosion and contributing distance were therefore included in the Tuross River catchment N index. Event-based water quality monitoring, and soil information, or in data-poor catchments conceptual understanding, are essential to represent catchment-scale processes. The techniques have high applicability in other catchments, and are complementary to other modelling techniques such as process-based semi-distributed modelling. Index models generally provide much more detailed spatial resolution than fully- or semi-distributed conceptual modelling approaches. Semi-distributed models can be used to quantify nutrient loads and provide overall direction to set the broad focus of management. Index models can then be used to refine on-the-ground investigations and investment priorities. In this way semi-distributed models can be combined with index models to provide a set of powerful tools to influence management decisions and outcomes.     

Understanding the anthropogenic phosphorus pathway with substance flow analysis at the city level

Excessive input of phosphorus into natural water bodies as a result of anthropogenic processes is an escalating factor that leads to eutrophication. Hence, quantifying the pathway of phosphorus throughout the socioeconomic system is essential for the selection of appropriate measures to mitigate phosphorus discharge. The study develops an analytical model of anthropogenic phosphorus flows within a socioeconomic system based on substance flow analysis. The model consists of five major subsystems: the phosphorous chemical industry, agriculture, animal feeding, human consumption, and waste management. The results show that the total input and output of phosphorus in Chaohu City over 2008 are 8517.70 ton (t) and 4682.76 t, respectively. The estimation of phosphorus discharged into local surface water is 544.22 t, which primarily comes from agriculture (391.99 t, 72.03%), followed by large-scale farming (55.70 t, 10.23%), rural consumption (56.81 t, 10.44%), urban consumption (30.42 t, 5.59%), and waste management (9.30 t, 1.71%). Intensive input of fertilizers in agricultural practices was identified as the most important source of phosphorus load on local surface water. Hence, we propose that the eutrophication of local water bodies could be addressed by optimizing local industrial structure, developing ecological and organic-based agriculture, and improving waste collection and disposal practices.     

Influence of the inherent properties of drinking water treatment residuals on their phosphorus adsorption capacities

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the phosphorus（P） adsorption and desorption on five drinking water treatment residuals（WTRs） collected from different regions in China. The physical and chemical characteristics of the five WTRs were determined. Combined with rotated principal component analysis, multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the inherent properties of the WTRs and their P adsorption capacities. The results showed that the maximum P adsorption capacities of the five WTRs calculated using the Langmuir isotherm ranged from 4.17 to8.20 mg/g at a p H of 7 and further increased with a decrease in p H. The statistical analysis revealed that a factor related to Al and 200 mmol/L oxalate-extractable Al（Alox） accounted for 36.5% of the variations in the P adsorption. A similar portion（28.5%） was attributed to an integrated factor related to the p H, Fe, 200 mmol/L oxalate-extractable Fe（Feox）, surface area and organic matter（OM） of the WTRs. However, factors related to other properties（Ca,P and 5 mmol/L oxalate-extractable Fe and Al） were rejected. In addition, the quantity of P desorption was limited and had a significant negative correlation with the（Feox＋ Alox） of the WTRs（p 〈 0.05）. Overall, WTRs with high contents of Alox, Feoxand OM as well as large surface areas were proposed to be the best choice for P adsorption in practical applications.     

磷在原状土中的淋溶规律

研究磷在原状土中的淋溶规律及不同因素的影响。采用自行设计的原状土淋溶柱,探讨了磷在原状土中的淋溶规律。分别用pH值为4.0、6.8和9.0的淋溶液淋溶原状土,当淋溶液p H值由9.0降至6.8时,磷的总淋出量由2120.mg升至238.1 mg,增幅较小,p H值继续降至4.0,磷的总淋出量增加至271.9 mg;与未酸化的土壤相比,酸化后土壤中,磷的淋出量增加了22.18%,说明土壤酸化会增加磷的流失;以4 d为一个冻融周期,进行了不同冻融频次和冻前含水率的交替冻融试验。结果表明:在冻融频次小于5次时,磷的淋失量与冻融频次呈正相关,当冻融频次大于5次时,磷的淋出量随冻融频次的增加而减小;土壤冻前含水率越大,磷的淋失量也越大,冻前含水率由15%增加到25%时,淋失量由217.3 mg增长到316.2 mg,增长了45.50%。     

Comparison study of phosphorus adsorption on different waste solids: Fly ash, red mud and ferric–alum water treatment residues

The adsorption of phosphorus(P) onto three industrial solid wastes(fly ash, red mud and ferric–alum water treatment residual(FAR)) and their modified materials was studied systematically via batch experiments. Compared with two natural adsorbents(zeolite and diatomite), three solid wastes possessed a higher adsorption capacity for P because of the higher Fe, Al and Ca contents. After modification(i.e., the fly ash and red mud modified by FeCl_3 and FARs modified by HCl), the adsorption capacity increased, especially for the modified red mud, where more Fe bonded P was observed. The P adsorption kinetics can be satisfactorily fitted using the pseudo-second-order model. The Langmuir model can describe well the P adsorption on all of the samples in our study. p H and dissolved organic matter(DOM) are two important factors for P adsorption. Under neutral conditions, the maximum adsorption amount on the modified materials was observed. With the deviation from pH 7, the adsorption amount decreased, which resulted from the change of P species in water and surface charges of the adsorbents. The DOM in water can promote P adsorption, which may be due to the promotion effects of humic-Fe(Al) complexes and the pH buffer function exceeds the depression of competitive adsorption.