Simultaneous photocatalytic treatment of Cr(VI), Ni(II) and SDBS in aqueous solutions: Evaluation of removal efficiency and energy consumption

Simultaneous photocatalytic reduction of poisonous Cr(VI) and Ni(II) ions, coupled with photocatalytic oxidation of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) were studied with a trace amount of commercial titania nanoparticles and by means of a direct-photo-irradiation reactor. The co-presence of metal ions and SDBS causes metal ions reduction as well as SDBS oxidation to enhance and energy efficiency to improve. XRD, XPS and FTIR analysis were used to characterize TiO₂ particles before and after usage with the aim of evaluating the mechanism of reactions. The effect of major operating parameters, pH and temperature, was investigated. Under conditions of [Cr(VI)]₀ = [Ni(II)]₀ = 5 mg/L, [SDBS]₀ = 10 mg/L, [TiO₂] = 40 mg/L, pH 6 and T = 35 °C; the removal efficiencies of 55.4%, 71.2% and 57.2% were obtained, respectively, for Cr(VI) and Ni(II) reduction, as well as for SDBS oxidation, after 110 min operation. The relevant kinetic model jointed with the Arrhenius equation was introduced. Pseudo-first-order reactions are relevant. Energy consumption (electrical and thermal) evaluations revealed that operations at higher temperatures provide significant cost reduction. Meantime, a criterion was proposed for a consistent assessment of this kind of processes.     

石墨烯材料去除重金属及放射性核素的研究

石墨烯及其改性材料具有比表面积大、吸附能力强、抗辐射性能好、耐高温、耐酸碱等优点,近年来在去除重金属和放射性核素领域得到了广泛关注.本文简要介绍了石墨烯的合成及改性方法,综述了石墨烯材料去除水中重金属离子和放射性核素的研究进展,包括吸附容量、影响因素、吸附动力学、吸附热力学模型和吸附机理,分析了该研究领域目前存在的问题,探讨了今后的研究方向.     

Acid-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline TiO2 from titanate nanotubes: Influence of acids on the photodegradation of gaseous toluene

In order to efficiently remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor air, onedimensional titanate nanotubes (TiNTs) were hydrothermally treated to prepare TiO₂ nanocrystals with different crystalline phases, shapes and sizes. The influences of various acids such as CH₃COOH, HNO₃, HCl, HF and H₂SO₄ used in the treatment were separately compared to optimize the performance of the TiO₂ nanocrystals. Comparedwith the strong and corrosive inorganic acids, CH₃COOH was not only safer andmore environmentally friendly, but also more efficient in promoting the photocatalytic activity of the obtained TiO₂. Itwasobserved that the anatase TiO₂ synthesized in 15 mol/L CH₃COOH solution exhibited the highest photodegradation rate of gaseous toluene (94%), exceeding that of P25 (44%) by a factor ofmore than two. The improved photocatalytic activity was attributed to the small crystallite size and surface modification by CH₃COOH. The influence of relative humidity (20%-80%) on the performance of TiO₂ nanocrystals was also studied. The anatase TiO₂ synthesized in 15 mol/L CH₃COOH solution was more tolerant tomoisture than the other TiO₂ nanocrystals and P25.     

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid(OA) on the immobilization of Pb(Ⅱ) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(Ⅱ) by KH2PO4, phosphate rock(PR), activated phosphate rock(APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite(HAP) at different phosphate:Pb(P:Pb) molar ratios(0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or Ca Cl2, Community Bureau of Reference(BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP)methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was 5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0. Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was 5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APR was most effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pb molar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.     

Surface modification of polypropylene non-woven fibers with TiO2 nanoparticles via layer-by-layer self assembly method: Preparation and photocatalytic activity

Polypropylene (PP) meltblown fibers were coated with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles using layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition technique. The fibers were first modified with 3 layers of poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS) and poly(diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) to improve the anchoring of the TiO₂ nanoparticle clusters. PDADMAC, which is positively charged, was then used as counter polyelectrolyte in tandem with anionic TiO₂ nanoparticles to construct TiO₂/PDADMAC bilayer in the LbL fashion. The number of deposited TiO₂/PDADMAC layers was varied from 1 to 7 bilayer, and could be used to adjust TiO₂ loading. The LbL technique showed higher TiO₂ loading efficiency than the impregnation approach. The modified fibers were tested for their photocatalytic activity against a model dye, Methylene Blue (MB). Results showed that the TiO₂ modified fibers exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity efficiency similar to that of TiO₂ powder dispersed in solution. The deposition of TiO₂ 3 bilayer on the PP substrate was sufficient to produce nanocomposite fibers that could bleach the MB solution in less than 4 hr. TiO₂-LbL constructions also preserved TiO₂ adhesion on substrate surface after 1 cycle of photocatalytic test. Successive photocatalytic test showed decline in MB reduction rate with loss of TiO₂ particles from the substrate outer surface. However, even in the third cycle, the TiO₂ modified fibers are still moderately effective as it could remove more than 95% of MB after 8 hr of treatment.     

Ecotect在建筑玻璃幕墙光反射影响评价中的应用研究

将Ecotect软件应用到建筑玻璃幕墙光反射影响评价中,应用结果表明,Ecotect软件能准确地确定建筑玻璃幕墙反射光的影响范围,且能准确地确定幕墙遮阳设施或周围建筑的遮挡效果,这可大大加强建筑玻璃幕墙光反射影响评价的准确性.另外,Ecotect软件还可准确地分析出受影响的敏感目标或敏感目标受照反射光的来源,这可使幕墙设计者有针对性对受影响敏感目标或对敏感目标产生反射光影响的建筑玻璃幕墙立面采取预防控制措施,来降低或者消除光反射,从而从源头上减少或消除幕墙反射光对周围环境敏感目标的影响.     

机器学习在材料服役性能预测中的应用

针对材料服役性能预测存在误差大、计算复杂、适用性差等问题,提出了基于数据挖掘的机器学习预测方法。首先阐述了机器学习的应用流程,并总结了常用模型原理及其在材料性能预测中的应用。然后采用多种机器学习模型对RPV钢的辐照性能进行预测,并通过Stacking集成方法提高了模型的预测精度。结果表明,机器学习可用于材料服役性能预测,具有较高的预测精度和可靠性。根据材料服役数据的不同特征选择合适的学习模型,同时进行模型融合和参数优化,可有效提高模型的预测精度及运算速度。     

车用高分子材料不同地区户外曝晒试验相关性研究

目的将3种高分子材料以及3种车用外饰材料分别投放在中国海南琼海和美国佛罗里达州2种典型湿热环境中进行户外曝晒试验,研究气候相似的2种地区的试验相关性。方法通过测试相同时间间隔下不同材料在2处试验场曝晒过程中的黄变程度,表征材料的老化现象。采用斯皮尔曼等级相关系数的统计方法,研究材料在2个地区相同时间节点的试验结果的相关性,并利用时间同轴的作图方法比较2个地区严酷度的差异。结果琼海与佛罗里达州2个地区在各个时间节点的相关系数接近于1,且在材料黄变方面呈现一定比例关系。结论琼海和佛罗里达州2个地区的试验结果呈现出较好的相关性,且严酷度比值约为琼海︰佛罗里达=1︰1.19。     

城市生态休闲绿地建设研究

城市生态休闲绿地不同于城市绿地,主要包括其中的城市公园绿地和其他绿地。结合市民平时主要在居住地附近散步、节假日喜欢到郊区游憩的休闲活动特点,把生态休闲绿地分为日常短时休闲绿地和节假日长时休闲绿地。在城市生态休闲绿地建设中,应重点建设日常短时休闲绿地,配套开发节假日长时休闲绿地,完善城市公共绿地的休闲设施,增强城市公共绿地的大众性,提高专有绿地的开放性。     

西藏环境信息化基础建设设计实践

描述了西藏环保厅“西藏自治区环境保护厅环境信息化能力建设项目”前期调研、设计的过程,总结在西藏信息化发展基础差、技术人才少、资金投入紧张、稳定性要求高、信息技术发展迅速等现实情况下基础信息化项目建设前期设计特点,为西藏或其他欠发达地区信息化基础建设项目设计提供参考。