办公建筑夏季用能行为测试研究

建筑使用者热环境改善行为对建筑能耗具有重要影响。对杭州市某办公建筑开展夏季空调使用行为测试。较高的空调使用率以及空调设备对室内热环境的显著改善说明空调使用是该地区夏季采用的主要降温措施。采用逻辑回归构建出夏季空调开启率预测模型。根据所构建的夏季空调开启率预测模型,得出测试房间空调开启室外耐受温度为32.0℃。根据测试期间空调开启时刻温度,得出空调开启室内耐受温度为28.7℃。     

环境风对高层建筑楼梯井内火灾烟气运动特性的影响

环境风会影响高层建筑楼梯井内火灾烟气的运动特性.以广州市某地真实高层建筑楼梯井为原型,采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,利用火灾动力学仿真软件FDS建立该16层高层建筑楼梯井全尺寸FDS数值模型,对环境风作用下高层建筑楼梯井内火灾烟气运动规律展开数值模拟研究,分析不同窗户开合状态、不同风向和不同风速条件下环境风对高层...     

基于霍尔三维结构绿色建筑标准体系构建研究

为了建立科学的标准体系并能保证标准之间的协调性,通过分析标准体系层次性和复杂性的特点,引入霍尔三维结构理论,从目标、专业、时间3个维度构建覆盖绿色建筑全生命周期的标准体系。     

基于总物流分析的我国钢铁工业生态效率分析

近年来我国钢铁产量快速增长且钢铁工业规模庞大,因此有必要对我国钢铁工业的生态效率进行研究. 采用总物流分析方法对我国钢铁系统的总物流进行分析,得到了钢铁系统的总物流分析指标;对1995—2011年我国钢铁工业的生态效率(包括资源效率、能源效率、脱钩指数等)进行了分析. 结果表明:2004年资源效率(粗钢产量与铁矿原矿消耗的比值)和资源经济效率(钢铁工业增加值与铁矿原矿消耗的比值)均达到最大值,二者分别为0.54 t/t和827.66元/t;2011年能源效率(粗钢产量与钢铁工业能耗的比值)和能源经济效率(钢铁工业增加值与钢铁工业能耗的比值)均达到最大值,分别为1.53 t/t和2 976.65元/t. 基于我国钢铁系统的总物流分析结果进行了脱钩指标分析,结果显示,D_DEU(国内开采量的脱钩指数)为0.189,大于DMI(直接物质投入量)、TMR(总物质需求)及DPO(国内排放量)的脱钩指数(分别为0.115、0.084和0.061),即国内开采量的脱钩情况在该阶段达到最佳,这与我国铁矿石产量不足、钢铁生产更多依赖于进口资源密切相关. 最后提出了提高矿产资源综合利用率和重视废钢资源回收利用等相应的对策建议.      

Determination of natural and artificial radionuclide materials in the Ma’assel used in hubbly-bubbly (Shisha) in Jordan

In the last decade the habit of smoking the hubbly-bubbly has increased sharply in many regions, including Europe, North America and Australia. Jordan is considered as having one of the highest consumptions of hubbly-bubbly in the world with respect to the general population. Our investigation was initiated due to the increasing trend of cancer cases in the last 10 years. The aim of this study was to determine the radioactive content in tobacco products available in the Jordanian market together with the related supplies. This study showed that all 13 samples investigated contained one or more radionuclides, from ²¹⁰Pb, ⁴⁰K, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸U, and ²²⁶Ra. Most of the samples contained natural potassium ⁴⁰K and uranium ²³⁸U, lead ²¹⁰Pb was found in three samples, while radium ²²⁶Ra was present only in one sample. Five samples contained the anthropogenic ¹³⁷Cs. The estimated daily intake of U was found in the range between 4.4 and 115.8?µg per day (0.05–1.43 Becquerel (Bq) per day ²³⁸U), with geometric mean of 17.3?µg per day (0.2?Bq per day ²³⁸U). The geometric mean of U daily intake found represents 25% of the reference dose (RfD) value, where the highest determined U content represents 165% of the RfD value. This study demonstrated that a water vessel of hubbly-bubbly trapped less than 1.5% of the total U in Ma’assel samples. It is misleading to the public to indicate that a water vessel serves as an active filter for toxic and radiotoxic elements.     

Indoor air pollution: A review∗

Relationships between toxicities of substituted aromatic hydrocarbons to Daphnia magna and to Fathead minnows or Photobacterium phosphoreum were studied based on structure‐activity equations we established. Good relationships between toxicities of chemicals to Daphnia magna and to Fathead minnows, Photobacterium phosphoreum were found for a wide range of chemicals. The toxicity data of fish can be predicted by the toxicity data of Daphnia magna or Photobacterium phosphoreum. It is probable that the toxicities of chemicals to the three organisms are similar.     

基于灰色关联分析的高层建筑火灾风险评估

为了研究高层建筑火灾风险,在综合考虑高层建筑空间火灾特点及发展过程的基础上,建立了包括安全疏散系统、建筑自身防火能力、灭火能力、消防救援设施以及安全管理五大因素的火灾风险评估指标体系,并利用灰色关联度分析法构建了高层建筑火灾系统的灰色关联评价模型。通过计算各评价指标序列和实际样本序列直接的灰色关联度,建立了系统的灰色关联矩阵,得到了各影响因素及系统整体的风险等级。利用该模型对上海市静安区胶州路728号教师公寓大楼的火灾风险进行了综合评估,结果与实际情况相符。评估结果表明,在高层建筑火灾风险评估中引入灰色关联分析方法可以得到高层建筑火灾危险性的科学数据,并进一步指出薄弱环节,对高层建筑的防火设计及日常安全管理等都具有指导意义。     

Capacity building for sustainable development: some Mexican perspectives

A broadly defined scientific Capacity Building (CB) for Sustainable Development (SD) is needed all around the world, and the development of innovative capacities in the developing countries is a priority. For this, first we need to know how this concept is applied in some developing countries. In this paper we present some Mexican experiences in the field of capacity building for sustainable development. The main problems are the monodisciplinary training of the specialists, the absence of a sound policy for promotion, career development and assessment of researchers, as well as of their projects when they are interdisciplinary and development-oriented. The main proposals to solve these problems are the creation of mechanisms that foster and legitimize interdisciplinary work; a decentralized planning process with the specific objective of establishing the needs and orientations on a regional basis; provide resources to long-term projects, and finally, consensus on asking international funding agencies for stronger support for public higher education institutions in developing countries in order to increase and strengthen their capacity for education and research in general, and in the field of SD in particular.     

Transitional coordination in Sudan (2006–08): lessons from the United Nations Resident Coordinator's Office

With the increase in internal conflicts following the end of the Cold War, the scale and scope of the United Nations' work in conflict and post‐conflict environments grew markedly. As a result, the coordination of programming and policy in the transition from relief to recovery has been a central preoccupation of academics and practitioners alike. Intergovernmental bodies such as the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) have made these topics a subject of regular discussion, while some countries have altered their bureaucratic structures to respond more effectively in post‐crisis settings, particularly in cases involving the deployment of national troops. The United Nations Resident Coordinator's Office in Sudan provides a model for other transitional countries and is a useful case study of the broader challenges of post‐crisis programming. Effective coordination structures and planning/programming processes are identified as interdependent prerequisites for ensuring a successful transition from relief to recovery.     

Quantitative assessment of post‐disaster housing recovery: a case study of Punta Gorda,Florida, after Hurricane Charley

Quantitative assessment of post‐disaster housing recovery is critical to enhancing understanding of the process and improving the decisions that shape it. Nevertheless, few comprehensive empirical evaluations of post‐disaster housing recovery have been conducted, and no standard measurement methods exist. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of housing recovery in Punta Gorda, Florida, United States, following Hurricane Charley of August 2004, including an overview of the phases of housing recovery, progression of recovery over time, alternative trajectories of recovery, differential recovery, incorporation of mitigation, and effect on property sales. The assessment is grounded in a conceptual framework that considers the recovery of both people and place, and that emphasises recovery as a process, not as an endpoint. Several data sources are integrated into the assessment—including building permits, remotely sensed imagery, and property appraiser data—and their strengths and limitations are discussed with a view to developing a standardised method for measuring and monitoring housing recovery.