MOFs材料在废水污染物吸附治理中的应用研究进展

介绍了国内外MOFs材料吸附去除废水中各种污染物的研究进展,主要针对重金属离子(Hg²⁺、U⁶⁺、Cr⁶⁺、Cd²⁺、Pb²⁺、Co²⁺、Sb⁵⁺、Sr²⁺)及类金属离子(As³⁺、As⁵⁺)、有机污染物(染料分子、芳香化合物)等的去除,分析了MOFs及改性MOFs材料对废水中污染物的吸附性能;展望了MOFs材料在废水污染物吸附治理中的应用前景,提出高稳定性及具有催化性质的MOFs材料是用于废水中污染物吸附治理的理想材料。     

含能材料生产系统排产中的瓶颈设备识别方法研究

目的 识别含能材料生产车间中的瓶颈设备,对生产系统作出预警,为排产方案制定以及实际生产工作提供指导,改善生产系统的加工效率.方法 针对传统瓶颈设备识别方法评价指标单一、识别过程复杂的问题,研究一种基于灵敏度分析和逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)融合的瓶颈设备识别方法.该算法首先确定作业指标与设备加工量关系的灵敏度矩阵,然后运用逼近理想解排序法,计算设备的综合瓶颈指数,通过比较各设备的综合瓶颈指数,识别出瓶颈设备.结果 采用含能材料生产车间实际数据进行仿真实验,可以在生产系统运行之前识别出系统中的瓶颈设备.结论 通过与其他方法进行对比分析,验证了研究的方法的有效性和优越性.     

Removal of elemental mercury by photocatalytic oxidation over La2O3/Bi2O3 composite

La₂O₃/Bi₂O₃ photocatalysts were prepared by impregnation of Bi₂O₃ with an aqueous solution of lanthanum precursor followed by calcination at different temperatures. The composite materials were used for the first time for the photocatalytic removal of Hg⁰ from a simulated flue gas under UV light irradiation. The results showed that the sample containing 6 wt.% La₂O₃ and calcined at 500°C has the highest dispersion of the active sites, which was promoted by the strong interaction with the support (i.e., the formation of Bi-O-La species). Since they are fully accessible on the surface, the material also exhibits excellent optical properties while the heterojunction formed in La₂O₃/Bi₂O₃ promotes the separation and migration of photoelectron-hole pairs and thus Hg⁰ oxidation efficiency is enhanced. The effects of the various factors (e.g., the reaction temperature and composition of the simulated flue gas (i.e., O₂, NO, H₂O, and SO₂)) on the efficiency of the Hg⁰ photocatalytic oxidation were investigated. The results demonstrated that O₂ and SO₂ enhanced the efficiency of the reaction while the reaction temperature, NO, and H₂O had an inhibitory effect.     

成都市区高层建筑电磁环境现状调查分析

由于城镇化进程的需要,越来越多的高层建筑出现在城市里,承担了我们的工作、居家、休闲娱乐的功能。随着公众环境意识逐步增强,高层建筑的电磁环境现状已成为公众关注的焦点。本文针对成都市区的高层建筑的电磁环境现状进行了调查分析。     

典型复合材料加筋壁板落锤/冰雹冲击损伤仿真分析研究

目的研究复合材料层压板落锤和冰雹离散源冲击损伤特性。方法对于落锤和冰雹,分别以刚体模型和弹塑性模型,构建本构模型。对于加筋板,基于Cohesive内聚力界面单元的B-K失效准则,对复合材料层间分层破坏进行数值模拟。通过对多材质冲头、不同冲击能量、不同冲击角度下其响应及损伤扩展特性开展研究,并对比复合材料层压板落锤冲击及冰雹离散源冲击试验数据,对数值计算方法进行对比验证。结果在机体相同部位的落锤、冰雹能量截止值冲击下,落锤低速冲击的损伤响应要大于冰雹离散源冲击。同时,冰雹冲击能量越大,冲击角度越接近于90°,其损伤响应也越大。结论落锤和冰雹离散源冲击仿真方法在损伤响应及扩展的预测与试验结果接近,可以为复合材料冲击损伤引入及抗冲击性能研究提供基础。     

磁性氮掺杂碳材料活化过硫酸盐降解酸性橙7

采用一步水热碳化法制备出微米级磁性氮掺杂碳材料（Magnetic N-doped Carbonaceous Materials,MNC）作为过硫酸盐（Persulfate,PDS）活化剂,以生成的活性氧化物质降解偶氮类染料酸性橙7（Acid Orange 7,AO7）.同时,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面积与孔径测定仪（BET）、振动样品磁强计（VSM）等对MNC进行表征,考察了MNC投加量、PDS浓度、初始p H值和无机阴离子对活化PDS降解AO7的影响,并采用紫外-可见光谱分析、淬灭实验和电子顺磁性共振（Electron Paramagnetic Resonance,EPR）初步探讨了AO7的降解机理.结果表明,MNC呈微米级球状,表面富含含氧基团和氨基等活性点位;饱和磁化强度为12.7 emu·g^-1,能在外加磁场条件下实现固液分离.AO7去除率随MNC投加量、PDS浓度的增加而增加,但初始p H对AO7降解的影响呈相反规律,随p H升高而降低.3种无机阴离子对AO7降解抑制程度大小顺序为HCO₃^->SO     

红土镍矿基材料吸附及有氧降解水体污染物

以红土镍矿为研究对象,考察了原矿（HT）及改性矿（HT-FeNi）去除水体中罗丹明B （RhB）的效果.借助XRD、BET、IR等表征手段,结合吸附动力学和等温吸附模拟研究了HT吸附RhB的过程及机制.结果表明：HT的孔隙结构较为丰富,有良好的RhB吸附性能.当HT添加量为0.2g/L时,RhB去除率为39.03%,吸附量达到93.80mg/g.HT添加量增加,RhB去除效果增强,平衡吸附量减小.HT吸附RhB的过程更符合准二级动力学,包含表面扩散及颗粒内扩散两个步骤.等温吸附模型拟合发现Freundlich能够准确描述HT吸附RhB的过程.1/n<0.5,表明吸附过程较易进行.HT经5次循环实验后,吸附量仍能达到39.67mg/g,表明HT有较好的循环使用性能.HT吸附RhB主要归因于Si-O吸附位点.通过气基还原制备得到改性矿（HT-FeNi）.采用SEM、XRD、BET、XPS等手段对HT-FeNi进行表征分析,并考察了HT-FeNi降解RhB的效果.结果表明：HT-FeNi比表面积小（14.374m²/g）,主要成分为铁镍双金属.HT-FeNi不能通过吸附作用去除RhB,而HT-FeNi/Air/pH=3体系在40min内RhB降解效率为94%.捕获活性氧物种的实验证明,HT-FeNi/Air/pH=3体系去除RhB过程中起主要作用的活性氧物种是羟基自由基（·OH）.在酸性条件下,HT-FeNi通过活化O₂生成·OH,Ni⁰诱导的Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺循环促使HT-FeNi/Air/pH=3体系生成更多的·OH.将HT-FeNi/Air/pH=3体系应用于去除水体中甲基橙（MO）和二硝基氯苯（DNCB）,去除效率分别为47%、78%.     

A survey on heavy metal concentrations in residential neighborhoods: The influence of secondary water supply systems

Water quality deterioration often occurs in secondary water supply systems (SWSSs), and increased heavy metal concentrations can be a serious problem. In this survey, twelve residential neighborhoods were selected to investigate the influence of SWSSs on the seasonal changes in heavy metal concentrations from input water to tank and tap water. The concentrations of nine evaluated heavy metals in all groups of water samples were found to be far below the specified standard levels in China. The concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Zn increased significantly from the input water samples to the tank and tap water samples in spring and summer (p < 0.05), especially for the water samples that had been stagnant for a long time. Negative correlations were found between most of the heavy metals and residual chlorine (Fe, Cu, Zn, and As, r = -0.186 to -0.519, p < 0.05). In particular, a high negative correlation was observed between Fe and residual chlorine (r = -0.489 to -0.519, p < 0.01) in spring and summer. Fe and Mn displayed positive correlations with turbidity (r = 0.672 and 0.328, respectively; p < 0.05). In addition, Cr and As were found to be positively associated with some nutrients (NO₃⁻, TN, and SO₄²⁻; r = 0.420-0.786, p < 0.01). The material of the storage tanks had little influence on the difference in heavy metal concentrations. Overall, this survey illustrated that SWSSs may pose a chronic threat to water quality and could provide useful information for practitioners.     

上海地区大型公共建筑中水工程成本效益分析

针对上海地区大型公共建筑中水回用问题,采用蒙特卡罗模拟技术,对其全生命周期成本效益进行了分析,并讨论了水价对中水工程成本效益的影响.成本计算结果表明生物接触氧化工艺在全生命周期内总成本集中在240.27~276.00万元之间.不同水价方案计算结果表明,在上海现行水价的条件下,生物接触氧化工艺全生命周期效益主要集中在-53.98~-37.54万元之间,50年内不存在投资回收期;当水价为3.8元/t时,生物接触氧化工艺的全生命周期效益主要集中在23.03~51.94万元之间,投资回收期为18~19a;当水价为6.10元/t时,工程效益主要集中在192.47~263.36万元之间,投资回收期为4~5a.因此单从中水工程的成本效益角度来看,上海现行水价偏低,中水回用工程缺乏推广优势,建议适当提高水价或对中水回用工程进行补贴.     

秸秆基建筑保温材料的节能减排分析

计算了秸秆基建筑保温材料的年节能量,并与等量秸秆用作燃料释放的热量进行对比;估算了秸秆基建筑保温材料的CO2减排量;对秸秆基建筑保温材料和发泡聚苯乙烯(EPS)材料生产过程的能耗、CO2排放量和经济性进行对比分析。结果表明,秸秆用于建筑保温在采暖期节能约可高达51 MJ.kg-1.a-1,明显高于其直接用作燃料所释放的热量(7.1~16.7 MJ.kg-1)。若中国北方农村有10万户居民应用特定的秸秆基建筑保温材料,10a的CO2减排量将达到1 600万t以上。在达到相同保温效果情况下,秸秆基材料生产过程中的总能耗和CO2排放量均低于EPS材料,经济性也优于EPS材料。因此,宜在中国北方农村地区大力推广秸秆基建筑保温材料。