Production,engine performance,combustion, emission characteristics and economic feasibility of biodiesel from waste cooking oil: A review

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increasing demands for diesel are considered to be important triggers for many of the initiatives that have been taken to search for possible sources for the production of biodiesel from materials available within the country. It is possible to produce biodiesel from waste/used cooking oils (WCO) that is comparable in quality to that of fresh vegetable oil. Not only does reuse of WCO, which can otherwise harm human health, reduce the burden on the government of treating oily wastewater, disposing of the waste, and maintaining public sewers, it also significantly lowers the production cost of biodiesel. In the process of frying, oil undergoes many reactions, leading to the formation of a number of undesirable compounds, such as polymers, free fatty acids, and many other chemicals. This poses challenges in the transesterification of WCO. This article covers different techniques in the production of biodiesel from WCO. It also compares combustion, emissions, and engine performance characteristics of biodiesel from WCO as well as factors affecting biodiesel production from WCO and its economic feasibility.     

Characterization of a new smog chamber for evaluating SAPRC gas-phase chemical mechanism

A new state-of-the-art indoor smog chamber facility (CAPS-ZJU) has been constructed and characterized at Zhejiang University, which is designed for chemical mechanism evaluation under well-controlled conditions. A series of characterization experiments were performed to validate the well-established experimental protocols, including temperature variation pattern, light spectrum and equivalent intensity (J_NO2), injection and mixing performance, as well as gases and particle wall loss. In addition, based on some characterization experiments, the auxiliary wall mechanism has been setup and examined. Fifty chamber experiments were performed across a broad range of experimental scenarios, and we demonstrated the ability to utilize these chamber data for evaluating SAPRC chemical mechanism. It was found that the SAPRC-11 can well predict the O₃ formation and NO oxidation for almost all propene runs, with 6 hr Δ(O₃ – NO) model error of –3% ± 7%, while the final O₃ was underestimated by ~20% for isoprene experiments. As for toluene and p-xylene experiments, it was confirmed that SAPRC-11 has significant improvement on aromatic chemistry than earlier version of SAPRC-07, although the aromatic decay rate was still underestimated to some extent. The model sensitivity test has been carried out, and the most sensitive parameters identified are the initial concentrations of reactants and the light intensity as well as HONO offgasing rate and O₃ wall loss rate. All of which demonstrated that CAPS-ZJU smog chamber could derive high quality experimental data, and could provide insights on chamber studies and chemical mechanism development.     

Surface characterization of metal oxides-supported activated carbon fiber catalysts for simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide

The sol–gel method was used to synthesize a series of metal oxides-supported activated carbon fiber (ACF) and the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis activity of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) at relatively low temperatures of 60°C was tested. The effects of preparation conditions on the catalyst properties were investigated, including the kinds and amount of metal oxides and calcination temperatures. The activity tests indicated that catalysts with 5 wt.% Ni after calcining at 400°C (Ni(5)/ACF(400)) had the best performance for the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of COS and CS₂. The surface and structure properties of prepared ACF were characterized by scanning electron microscope-energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), carbon dioxide-temperature programmed desorption (CO₂-TPD) and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared reflection (DRFTIR). And the metal cation defects were researched by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method. The characterization results showed that the supporting of Ni on the ACF made the ACF catalyst show alkaline and increased the specific surface area and the number of micropores, then improved catalytic hydrolysis activity. The DRFTIR results revealed that -OH species could facilitate the hydrolysis of COS and CS₂; -COO and -C–O species could facilitate the oxidation of catalytic hydrolysate H₂S. And the EPR results showed that high calcination temperature conditions provide more active reaction center for the COS and CS₂ adsorption.     

水环境中溶解性有机物溯源分析及分子结构表征概述

溶解性有机物(DOM)是地球上最大的碳基化合物反应性储层之一,涉及各种生物地化反应并且在污染物溶解度、毒性、生物利用度、流变性和分布中发挥重要作用。本文介绍了当前用于表征水环境中DOM的策略和工具,探讨了当前研究在技术限制(预处理过程复杂、仪器分辨率低、数据处理困)、结构复杂性、结构多变性等方面存在的诸多局限性。分析认为:已有研究主要侧重于溯源分析和分子结构特征解析,未来研究应该在不同的结构层面和角度开展,加强多学科融合、数据库创建、对照实验和协同工作。     

农业排水沟渠硝态氮吸收动力学特征及相关性分析

为揭示农业排水沟渠NO_3~--N吸收动态变化特征,选择溴化钠(Na Br)为保守示踪剂、硝酸钾(KNO3)为添加营养盐,于2016年10月至2017年4月在合肥地区某一源头溪流开展5次示踪试验,并以TASCC方法和Michaelis-Menten(M-M)方程模拟NO_3~--N吸收动力学特征,结果表明,背景浓度条件下排水沟渠完全混合子渠段U_(amb)和V_(f-amb)的变化范围分别为11.40~69.13μg·(m~2·s)~(-1)[均值为34.45μg·(m~2·s)-1]、0.07~0.43 mm·s~(-1)(均值为0.24 mm·s~(-1)),相应地Sw-amb变化范围为92.51~405.74 m(均值为199.06 m),明显小于排水沟渠长度(也就是2.5 km),表明沟渠具有较强的NO_3~--N滞留潜力.M-M方程较好地拟合了NO_3~--N吸收动力学特征,参数Umax变化范围为158~1 280μg·(m~2·s)~(-1)[均值为631.13μg·(m~2·s)~(-1)],Km变化范围为0.16~5.52 mg·L~(-1)(均值为1.46 mg·L~(-1)).相关分析表明,Sw-amb与NO_3~--Namb呈显著负相关、Uamb与NO_3~--Namb呈极显著正相关,其它螺旋指标与NO_3~--N背景浓度的相关性均不明显;水文因素对NO_3~--N滞留影响也不显著,而沟渠槽道地貌特征指标Фw、ФA与大部分螺旋指标都呈显著相关性,表明槽道地貌特征对NO_3~--N滞留影响相对较为重要.     

高效重金属捕集剂EDTC的结构表征及对酸性络合铜的去除特性研究

以乙二胺和二硫化碳为反应物,无水乙醇和去离子水的混合溶液为溶剂,制备了一种巯基类重金属捕集剂N,N-双(二硫代羧基)乙二胺(EDTC),采用紫外光谱、红外光谱和元素分析对其结构进行表征,重点研究了其对EDTA络合铜、柠檬酸络合铜和酒石酸铜3种酸性模拟络合铜的去除性能及螯合沉淀物的溶出特性,并探讨了EDTC脱除络合铜的机理.研究结果表明,处理50 mg·L-1的含铜废水,p H值范围为3~9,EDTC投加量为mEDTC/mCu=8(质量比),反应时间3 min,PAM投加量为1 mg·L-1,此时出水Cu2+浓度均低于0.25 mg·L-1,去除率达到99.5%以上.螯合沉淀物在弱酸性和弱碱性条件下很稳定,不易产生二次污染.红外光谱图分析结果表明,EDTC与Cu会发生螯合反应,即EDTC直接脱出络合铜中Cu2+,并与Cu2+生成难溶的螯合产物EDTC-Cu,进而有效地去除废水中Cu.     

A multiscale hierarchical Markov transition matrix model for generating and analyzing thematic raster maps

A model is described for generating hierarchically scaled spatial pattern as represented in a thematic raster map. The model involves a series of Markov transition matrices, one for each level in the scaling hierarchy. In full generality, the model allows the transition matrices to be different at each level, potentially making available a large number of parameters for landscape characterization. The model is self-similar when the transition matrices are all equal. A method is presented for fitting the model to data that take the form of a single-resolution thematic raster map. Explicit analytic solutions are obtained for the fitted parameters. The fitting method is based on a relationship between the hierarchical transitions in the model and spatial transitions at varying distance scales in the data map, a categorical analogy of the geostatistical variogram.     

Differences in physical properties and CO2 gasification reactivity between coal char and petroleum coke

This paper mainly investigated the physical properties and gasification reactivity of coal char and petroleum coke, separately at the high temperature pyrolysis (950–1400 °C) with slow heating rate and pyrolysis pressure of the atmospheric pressure and at the pressurized pyrolysis (the atmospheric pressure to 3 MPa) with rapid heating rate and the pyrolysis temperature of 950 °C. Some significant differences in those between coal chars and petroleum coke were found. The high temperature pyrolysis caused more easily the graphitization of petroleum coke than that of coal char, especially in the higher temperature range. The increasing pyrolysis temperature resulted in the decrease of surface areas of coal char and the increase of surface areas of petroleum coke. As the pyrolysis pressure was elevated from the atmospheric pressure to 3 MPa, surface areas of petroleum coke initially increased and then decreased, while those of coal chars presented an opposite tendency. The increasing pyrolysis temperature was adverse to the gasification activity of coal chars and was favorable for the gasification activity of petroleum coke. Also, the effects of the pyrolysis pressure on the gasification activity of coal char and petroleum coke were significantly different. The gasification activity of petroleum coke was obviously lower than that of coal chars, and even lower than that of the natural graphite.     

体育教学应加强对学生成功意识的培养

良好的技能和广博的知识,是在未来竞争中取胜的关键,而良好的心理素质是取胜的基础。由于高校体育课独具的特性,使其成为培养学生具有良好竞争心理素质成为可能。     

Chemical composition and physical properties of filter fly ashes from eight grate-fired biomass combustion plants

For the handling, treatment and utilization of fly ash from biomass combustion its chemical composition and physical properties are important. In this study eight filter fly ashes from different grate-fired biomass combustion plants were investigated. In fly ash from straw combustion high concentrations of(K) were found, whereas in the fly ash from wood combustion the concentrations of Ca and Mg were higher. The average concentration of PO3-4was similar in both types of fly ashes. In all wood fly ashes some measured heavy metal concentrations were above the limits for utilization. The straw fly ashes were much less contaminated and can be utilized. For wood fly ash most parameters showed little variation, except from one fly ash where the dust pre-separator is in poor condition. The average values were: mass median diameter 4.3 ± 0.8 μm, spread of particle size distribution19 ± 11, particle density 2620 ± 80 kg/m3 and angle of repose 50°± 1°. The density of the straw fly ashes is lower(2260 ± 80 kg/m3) and the spread of the size distribution is higher(72 ± 24).For one straw combustion fly ash the values of the mass median diameter and the angle of repose were similar to the values of wood combustion fly ash, for the other straw fly ash the values differed considerably. While the particle size of this fly ash was much smaller,surprisingly the angle of repose was also lower. This can be attributed to the formation of small agglomerates in this fly ash, which were not disintegrated without a certain stress.