The Costs of Meeting the Environmental Objectives for the Baltic Sea: A Review of the Literature

The environmental targets of the recently agreed Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) targets are likely associated with a considerable cost, which motivates a search for low-cost policies. The following review shows there is a substantial literature on cost-efficient nutrient reduction strategies, including suggestions regarding low-cost abatement, but actual policies at international and national scale tend to be considerably more expensive due to lack of instruments that ensure a cost-efficient allocation of abatement across countries and sectors. Economic research on the costs of reducing hazardous substances and oil spill damages in the Baltic Sea is not available, but lessons from the international literature suggest that resources could be used more efficiently if appropriate analysis is undertaken. Common to these pollution problems is the need to ensure that all countries in the region are provided with positive incentives to implement international agreements.     

Ensemble Modeling of the Baltic Sea Ecosystem to Provide Scenarios for Management

We present a multi-model ensemble study for the Baltic Sea, and investigate the combined impact of changing climate, external nutrient supply, and fisheries on the marine ecosystem. The applied regional climate system model contains state-of-the-art component models for the atmosphere, sea ice, ocean, land surface, terrestrial and marine biogeochemistry, and marine food-web. Time-dependent scenario simulations for the period 1960–2100 are performed and uncertainties of future projections are estimated. In addition, reconstructions since 1850 are carried out to evaluate the models sensitivity to external stressors on long time scales. Information from scenario simulations are used to support decision-makers and stakeholders and to raise awareness of climate change, environmental problems, and possible abatement strategies among the general public using geovisualization. It is concluded that the study results are relevant for the Baltic Sea Action Plan of the Helsinki Commission.     

Copper desorption in flooded agricultural soils and toxicity to the Florida apple snail (Pomacea paludosa): implications in Everglades restoration

Copper (Cu) desorption and toxicity to the Florida apple snail were investigated from soils obtained from agricultural sites acquired under the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. Copper concentrations in 11 flooded soils ranged from 5 to 234 mg/kg on day 0 and from 6.2 to 204 mg/kg on day 28 (steady-state). The steady-state Cu concentration in overlying water ranged from 9.1 to 308.2 microg/L. In a 28-d growth study, high mortality in snails occurred within 9 to 16 d in two of three soil treatments tested. Growth of apple snails over 28 d was affected by Cu in these two treatments. Tissue Cu concentrations by day 14 were 12-23-fold higher in snails exposed to the three soil treatments compared to controls. The endangered Florida snail kite and its main food source, the Florida apple snail, may be at risk from Cu exposure in these managed agricultural soil-water ecosystems.     

“十三五”环境经济政策建设规划中期评估研究

《"十三五"全国环境保护法规和环境经济政策建设规划》（以下简称《规划》）绘制了"十三五"时期我国环境保护法规和环境经济政策的创新与改革蓝图。"十三五"以来，《规划》实施推动了环境经济政策在生态文明建设生态环境保护工作中的地位快速上升，在筹集环保资金、调控环境行为、激励企业减排等方面发挥了重要作用。为了更好推进环境经济政策改革与创新，本研究采用逻辑框架法对《规划》中期实施进展进行了系统评价，结果表明：在28项《规划》任务中，绿色信贷、环境信息披露制度、环境污染强制责任险等13项任务进展良好，生态环境损害赔偿制度等11项任务进展较好；环境信用建设"入法"等4项规划任务进展较小或者进展一般。研究表明《规划》总体实施顺利，评估工作也为完成2020年《规划》目标提供了重要技术支撑。     

“十二五”主要大气污染物总量减排对策措施

＂十二五＂面临着减排领域不断拓展、减排空间不断缩减的局面,为此必须在减排政策顶层设计上下大力气,制定出科学合理的减排技术路线和系统有效的减排对策措施。本文在总结＂十一五＂的成功经验和分析＂十二五＂大气污染物减排面临的形势与挑战的基础上,提出科学合理的大气污染物总量减排对策措施：第一,强化源头管理,严格控制污染物新增量;第二,加快淘汰落后产能,完善落后产能退出机制;第三,强化工业行业工程减排,大力推进烟气脱硝设施建设;第四,采取综合措施,加强机动车NOX控制;第五,完善政策措施,建立减排长效机制。     

《大气污染防治行动计划》实施效果评估及其对我国人均预期寿命的影响

2017年是我国实施《大气污染防治行动计划》（简称"《大气十条》"）的收官之年.为评估我国《大气十条》的环境效益,对中国环境监测总站提供的2013-2017年国家大气环境监测数据进行统计,分析可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）质量浓度的变化情况,并利用疾病负担法定量分析《大气十条》实施对人均预期寿命的影响.结果表明:①《大气十条》自2013年实施以来,我国大气环境质量明显改善,2017年全国338个地级及以上城市的ρ（PM₁₀）较2013年下降了22.7%,74个重点城市的ρ（PM_2.5）从2013年的72.2 μg/m3降至2017年的47.4 μg/m3.②疾病负担法分析结果显示,《大气十条》实施后,大气污染导致的人体健康损失有所降低,城市地区因PM₁₀或PM_2.5污染导致的过早死亡人数从2013年的52.1×104人降至2017年的43.9×104人.③基于2013-2017年大气污染导致的过早死亡人数分析结果,利用城市居民简略寿命表得出,《大气十条》促使我国城市地区人均预期寿命有一定增加,2017年比2013年增加0.16 a.④从数据准确性、方法科学性和结果合理性等方面,对芝加哥大学得出我国《大气十条》实施的人均预期寿命2017年比2013年增加2.4 a的结论进行了分析,认为其结果高估了大气污染对人均预期寿命的影响,夸大了大气污染对人体健康的影响程度.研究显示,我国《大气十条》实施的环境效益显著,对人均预期寿命有一定的正向效益.      

“十四五”生态环境政策和法制宜增强针对性和灵活性

"十三五"时期,我国通过政策和法制改革有效地促进了污染防治和生态环境保护工作。"十四五"时期,须进一步加强政策和法制的针对性和灵活性,从充分性和均衡度两个方面提升我国区域、流域和行业生态环境国家治理的综合绩效。为此,需要发挥党内法规和国家立法的相互支持作用,促进国家立法的有效实施;中央与地方签订行政协议,调动地方深入开展生态环保工作的积极性;推进流域与区域的专门立法或者协同立法,通过体制制度和机制的集成创新促进实际问题的解决;按照流域与区域生态环保目标设立生态环境标准,体现生态环保工作的针对性和因地制宜性;实行"法定义务+企业承诺"履行制度,因企制宜地落实各生产经营单位的生态环保责任;国家需要总结和推广一些地方探索和有效实施的灵活性工作制度,并发挥市场机制对生态环境资源和生态环保产业发展的调节作用。     

电子设备的可靠性试验

可靠性试验是可靠性工程最基本的内容和最重要的工作项目。该文就电子设备可靠性试验的技术基础、可靠性试验的特点和分类、对可靠性试验数据的分析和处理方法、电子设备的可靠性试验方案设计作了一些介绍。     

农村黑臭水体治理现状、问题及对策建议

2019年,生态环境部先后实施农村黑臭水体治理试点和全面排查工作,摸清底数,初步建立了名册台账。本文基于对相关政策评估及对江西省、四川省、河南省、山东省和吉林省等地调研,深入剖析当前农村黑臭水体治理工作存在的问题,并结合基层实际情况和“十四五”时期黑臭水体治理工作要求,提出农村黑臭水体治理建议,以期为加快解决农村居民身边的突出环境问题提供参考。     

中国环境监测总站未来十年发展构想

阐述了总站未来十年发展的指导思想、目标和原则,明确了总站未来十年发展的重点业务领域,介绍了实现构想的保证措施和重点建设项目。