Relationship between ammonia stomatal compensation point and nitrogen metabolism in arable crops: current status of knowledge and potential modelling approaches

The ammonia stomatal compensation point of plants is determined by leaf temperature, ammonium concentration ([NH4+]apo) and pH of the apoplastic solution. The later two depend on the adjacent cells metabolism and on leaf inputs and outputs through the xylem and phloem. Until now only empirical models have been designed to model the ammonia stomatal compensation point, except the model of Riedo et al. (2002. Coupling soil-plant-atmosphere exchange of ammonia with ecosystem functioning in grasslands. Ecological Modelling 158, 83-110), which represents the exchanges between the plant's nitrogen pools. The first step to model the ammonia stomatal compensation point is to adequately model [NH4+]apo. This [NH4+]apo has been studied experimentally, but there are currently no process-based quantitative models describing its relation to plant metabolism and environmental conditions. This study summarizes the processes involved in determining the ammonia stomatal compensation point at the leaf scale and qualitatively evaluates the ability of existing whole plant N and C models to include a model for [NH4+]apo.     

Low toxicant concentrations decrease the frequency of fast-growing seedlings at high densities of annual baby's breath (Gypsophila elegans)

Very low toxicant concentrations reduce the frequency of most vital seedlings in dense stands in vitro.     

战略环境影响评价中生物多样性影响评价特点

随着战略环境影响评价（Strategic Environmental Assessment,简称SEA）的发展,SEA被越来越广泛地用于生物多样性影响评价。由于受人类对生物多样性的研究和认识水平的限制,目前在国内外还没有成熟的方法用于生物多样性的影响评价,以致于生物多样性的影响评价内容不够具体和全面。从生物多样性的景观、生态系统、物种和基因4个层次分析了生物多样性影响评价在SEA中应用的限制因素。在此基础上,提出景观层次影响评价可以通过寻求易于测度的关键景观要素进行评价,宏观把握景观变化给生物多样性带来的影响趋势;生态系统层次影响评价应充分考虑各种替代方案的比较,避免敏感目标的生物多样性重大损失;物种层次的影响评价选择重要的目标物种作为主要评价依据;受研究水平限制,基因层次的影响评价还不具有普遍意义。     

Uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides from soil and air into radishes (Raphanus sativus)

Uptake of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls from soil and air into radishes was measured at a heavily contaminated field site. The highest contaminant concentrations were found for DDT and its metabolites, and for β-hexachlorocyclohexane. Bioconcentration factor (BCF, defined as a ratio between the contaminant concentration in the plant tissue and concentration in soil) was determined for roots, edible bulbs and shoots. Root BCF values were constant and not correlated to log K_OW. A negative correlation between BCF and log K_OW was found for edible bulbs. Shoot BCF values were rather constant and varied between 0.01 and 0.22. Resuspended soil particles may facilitate the transport of chemicals from soil to shoots. Elevated POP concentrations found in shoots of radishes grown in the control plot support the hypothesis that the uptake from air was more significant for shoots than the one from soil. The uptake of POPs from air was within the range of theoretical values predicted from log K_OA.     

Naturally-assisted metal phytoextraction by Brassica carinata: Role ofroot exudates

Due to relatively high chelant dosages and potential environmental risks it is necessary to explore different approaches in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils. The present study focussed on the removal of metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) from a multiple metal-contaminated soil by growing Brassica carinata plants in succession to spontaneous metallicolous populations of Pinus pinaster, Plantago lanceolata and Silene paradoxa. The results showed that the growth of the metallicolous populations increased the extractable metal levels in the soil, which resulted in a higher accumulation of metals in the above-ground parts of B. carinata. Root exudates of the three metallicolous species were analysed to elucidate their possible role in the enhanced metal availability. The presence of metals stimulated the exudation of organic and phenolic acids as well as flavonoids. It was suggested that root exudates played an important role in solubilising metals in soil and in favouring their uptake by roots.     

Assessing the genotoxicity of urban air pollutants using two in situ plant bioassays

Genotoxicity of urban air has been analysed almost exclusively in airborne particulates. We monitored the genotoxic effects of airborne pollutants in the urban air of Perugia (Central Italy). Two plant bioindicators with different genetic endpoints were used: micronuclei in meiotic pollen mother cells using Tradescantia-micronucleus bioassay (Trad-MCN) and DNA damage in nuclei of Nicotiana tabacum leaves using comet assay (Nicotiana-comet). Buds of Tradescantia clone # 4430 and young N. tabacum cv. Xanthi plants were exposed for 24 h at three sites with different pollution levels. One control site (indoor control) was also used. The two bioassays showed different sensitivities toward urban pollutants: Trad-MCN assay was the most sensitive, but DNA damage in N. tabacum showed a better correlation with the pollutant concentrations. In situ biomonitoring of airborne genotoxins using higher plants combined with chemical analysis is thus recommended for characterizing genotoxicity of urban air.     

野生动物资源的保护与持续利用

本文从非洲南部的大象、澳大利亚的大袋鼠到北美的野生动物管理体制、欧洲的野生动物狩猎、新西兰草地牧业的转轨,回顾了世界野生动物利用与保护的历史。并追溯了我国古代野生动物管理思想,以黄羊、虎两个实例,分析了我国野生动物资源濒危的原因与现状。最后,探讨了野生动物资源保护与开发的辩证关系,提出了野生动物利用分为开发初期、过度开发期、保护恢复期及持续利用期,目前我国野生动物资源正处于保护恢复期。     

贫营养条件下EPS、SMP和微生物多样性的研究

为了考察活性污泥在营养缺乏的条件下,胞外聚合物（EPS）、溶解性微生物产物（SMP）和微生物种群结构自身的变化情况,为优化MBR系统运行、延缓膜污染等提供理论依据,对天津大学游泳馆MBR中的污泥混合液进行贫营养实验,测定了污泥混合液中EPS和SMP的含量,通过聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术和克隆测序技术对微生物多样性进行分析,根据序列数据进行同源性分析并构建系统进化树.实验初期,EPS和SMP的浓度由15.04 mg/g和0 mg/g分别上升到17.99 mg/g和3.29 mg/g.随着实验的进行,EPS有很大的降低,最终只有2.40 mg/g;SMP则一直在3.5 mg/g左右变化.实验表明,EPS和SMP对外界环境变化具有一定的缓冲作用,并且在营养缺乏的条件下微生物能够以降解EPS和SMP来维持自身生命活动.由于对EPS和SMP的利用,污泥的Shannon多样性指数由最初的0.81上升到最高时的1.09,随后开始降低,并最终稳定在0.95.克隆测序的结果表明,污泥中微生物的种类比较丰富,并且优势菌种大部分为未经培养菌种.部分菌种能够通过产生蛋白质和多糖水解酶来实现对EPS和SMP的降解,主要属于拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)、黄杆菌(Flavobacterium）、腐螺旋菌(Saprospiraceae)和厚壁门菌(Firmicutes)等.     

花椒林地土壤动物多样性及其对凋落物分解的作用——以贵州花江峡谷为例

选择贵州花江喀斯特峡谷为研究区,于2009年5月和9月对不同等级石漠化地的土壤动物多样性和花椒凋落物的分解速率进行研究。共获土壤动物3423只,隶属于3门7纲19目,共21个类群,优势类群为弹尾目(Collembola)、甲螨亚目(Oribatida)、中气门亚目(Mesostigmata);常见类群为前气门亚目(Prostigmata)、鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、双翅目(Diptera)、膜翅目(Hymenoptera)、半翅目(Hemiptera)。研究结果表明:(1)减少人为活动、有效保存地面凋落物、提高生境生物多样性可以迅速改良土壤生态环境,有效恢复土壤动物群落;(2)凋落物分解受土壤动物数量的影响最大,尤其是弹尾目和蜱螨目的数量起决定作用;(3)石漠化治理工程对花江石漠化治理和喀斯特生态环境的重建具有重要意义。     

植物多酚改性膨润土吸附重金属镉实验研究

对钙基膨润土、酸活化膨润土、自制单宁酸改性膨润土,通过表征测试研究了膨润土改性后的形态结构变化。结果表明:单宁酸改性膨润土较钙基膨润土结构未发生较大变化;并分别探讨了不同投加量、反应pH及不同初始浓度对单宁酸改性膨润土吸附镉的影响。实验表明:单宁酸改性膨润土对Cd2+的吸附性能优于钙基膨润土及酸活化膨润土,在材料用量越小及反应pH越低时,单宁酸对膨润土吸附Cd2+的促进作用越明显。单宁酸改性膨润土对Cd2+的吸附能用Langmuir吸附方程进行描述,其最大吸附量约为31.25mg/g,比钙基膨润土提高了20.6%。本研究将为非金属矿物在水体及土壤重金属污染修复方面的应用提供理论基础和科学依据。