A conceptual framework of agricultural land use planning with BMP for integrated watershed management

Land use planning is an important element of the integrated watershed management approach. It not only influences the environmental processes such as soil and stream bed erosion, sediment and nutrient concentrations in streams, quality of surface and ground waters in a watershed, but also affects social and economic development in that region. Although its importance in achieving sustainable development has long been recognized, a land use planning methodology based on a systems approach involving realistic computational modeling and meta-heuristic optimization is still lacking in the current practice of integrated watershed management. The present study proposes a new approach which attempts to combine computational modeling of upland watershed processes, fluvial processes and modern heuristic optimization techniques to address the water-land use interrelationship in its full complexity. The best land use allocation is decided by a multi-objective function that minimizes sediment yields and nutrient concentrations as well as the total operation/implementation cost, while the water quality and the production benefits from agricultural exploitation are maximized. The proposed optimization strategy considers also the preferences of land owners. The runoff model AnnAGNPS (developed by USDA), and the channel network model CCHE1D (developed by NCCHE), are linked together to simulate sediment/pollutant transport process at watershed scale based on any assigned land use combination. The greedy randomized adaptive Tabu search heuristic is used to flip the land use options for finding an optimum combination of land use allocations. The approach is demonstrated by applying it to a demonstrative case study involving USDA Goodwin Creek experimental watershed located in northern Mississippi. The results show the improvement of the tradeoff between benefits and costs for the watershed, after implementing the proposed optimal land use planning.     

黄水溪砷环境地球化学迁移行为及其细菌群落分析

湖南石门雄黄矿区As（砷）污染问题由来已久,黄水溪更是长期受矿区影响.为进一步指导对矿区As污染的综合治理,通过分析河流As质量浓度及其通量、沉积物ATR-FTIR（衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱）及其溶解释放As的能力、沉积物细菌群落多样性,对黄水溪石门雄黄矿河段中As的地球化学迁移行为及其河流沉积物的生态风险进行了调查.结果表明:①石门雄黄矿区河段水系中ρ（As_T）为0.28~10.43 mg/L,并且主要以As（Ⅴ）形式存在,少量为As（Ⅲ）.②As年通量在该河段区域增加约5.71 t.③ATR-FTIR分析沉积物显示,463、875和910 cm-1处吸收带来自AsO₄3-（砷酸根）的振动,775和796 cm-1处吸收带来自AsO₃3-（亚砷酸根）的振动,表明该沉积物中存在含As矿物.④在沉积物溶解试验中同时释放As（Ⅴ）和As（Ⅲ）,振荡6 h后ρ[As（Ⅴ）]和ρ[As（Ⅲ）]分别达0.014~0.550和0.002~0.291 mg/L.⑤沉积物的细菌群落多样性分析显示,黄水溪As污染已对水生生态系统造成了一定的影响,表现为ρ（As_T）较高水环境影响下,沉积物细菌群落丰富度和多样性减少,同时出现未鉴别属;变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）是黄水溪沉积物中的优势菌群.研究显示,黄水溪中As主要迁移途径可能为,在废弃选矿区域段含As尾矿颗粒进入河道,之后溶解进入水环境,在下游河段又再次被吸附/沉淀,并且吸附的As并不稳定,易再次释放.      

HYDROLOGY OF A DRAINED FORESTED POCOSIN WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: In order to assess the effects. of silvicultural and drainage practices on water quality it is necessary to understand their impacts on hydrology. The hydrology of a 340 ha artificially drained forested watershed in eastern North Carolina was studied for a five-year period (1988–92). Effects of soils, beds and changes in vegetation on water table depth, evapotranspiration (ET) and drainage outflows were analyzed. Total annual outflows from the watershed varied from 29 percent of the rainfall during the driest year (1990) when mostly mature trees were present to as much as 53 percent during a year of normal rainfall (1992) after about a third of the trees were harvested. Annual ET from the watershed, calculated as the difference between annual rainfall and outflow, varied from 76 percent of the calculated potential ET for a dry year to as much as 99 percent for a wet year. Average estimated ET was 58 percent of rainfall for the five-year period. Flow rates per unit area were consistently higher from a smaller harvested block (Block B - 82 ha) of the watershed than from the watershed as a whole. This is likely due to time lags, as drainage water flows through the ditch-canal network in the watershed, and to timber harvesting of the smaller gaged block.     

Riparian vegetation instream flow requirements: A case study from a diverted stream in the Eastern Sierra Nevada,California, USA

A methodology is described that allows determination of instream flow requirements for maintenance of riparian trees. Tree-ring data revealed strong relationships between tree growth and stream flow volume for riparian species at Rush Creek, an alluvial stream within an arid setting; these relationships allowed development of models that predict growth rates from hydrologic variables. The models can be used to assess instream flow requirements under the assumption that certain levels of growth are necessary to maintain the population. There is a critical need for development and use of instream flow methodologies for riparian vegetation, since present methodologies focus on needs of aquatic animals (e.g., fish) and may underestimate needs of the entire riparian ecosystem.     

BASINWIDE WATER-BALANCE MODELING WITH EMPHASIS ON SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER RECHARGE1

ABSTRACT: A detailed but simple hydrologic budget for the entire Rattlesnake Creek basin (3,768 km²) in south-central Kansas was developed. With this budget, using minimal daily-weather input data and the soil-plant-water system-analysis methodology, we were able to characterize the spatial distribution of the hydrologic components of the water balance within the basin. A combination of classification and meteorological methods resulted in a basinwide integration methodology. Using this methodology, we found that, in addition to obvious climatic controls, soil, vegetation, and land-use factors also exert considerable influence on the water balance of the area. The available-water capacity (AWC) of soil profiles plays a dominant role in soil-water-deficit development and deep drainage. Vegetation and dryland or irrigated farming particularly affect the evapotranspiration (ET) components, with ET from irrigated corn and alfalfa being two to three times that from wheat. Deep drainage from irrigated wheat fields was found to be significantly higher than that from grassland and dryland wheat; deep drainage from alfalfa is practically nonexistent. We demonstrated how vegetation changes may affect components of the hydrologic cycle. We also showed that different portions of the watershed have different water-balance components and that use of single average values of hydrologic variables in management practices may not be realistic.     

苏州河水体黑臭机理及底质再悬浮对水体的影响

探讨了苏州河水体黑臭现象，证实了水体发黑主要与存在吸附了ＴｅＳ的带负电胶体悬浮颗粒有关，且腐殖质是吸附物或络合物的主要组成。水体发臭为含硫，氮等有机物降解时逸出ＮＨ３、Ｈ２Ｓ等所致。     

苏州河底泥的耗氧特征及其与水质的关系

苏州河上海区段底泥中SOD的数据分析表明,市区河段底泥中SOD的大小,与上层河水中COD_(Mn)、DO、BOD_5、NH_3-N的含量均有密切的相关性。在流动水相作用下,研究了水温及流速等主要环境因素对底泥耗氧的影响。提出了市区河段水质模式中的底泥耗氧表达式。指出在市区河段中,底泥耗氧在总的耗氧过程中灵敏度最大,占主要地位。若河流两旁无污染源排入时,约占该河流总耗氧的51％;     

苏州河着生生物、底栖生物群落的调查与评价

对苏州河7个断面的着生生物和底栖生物群落的调查及其相应断面的水质生物学评价,结果表明:1.选取着生生物和底栖生物这两个项目能较好反映苏州河的水质状况;2.对照1992年底栖生物的调查结果及水质评价,武宁路桥、浙江路桥两断面的水质有明显提高。     

苏州河截流区外非点源污染调查

为了摸清苏州河截流区外的污染物量以及对苏州河下游段水质的影响,为苏州河截流污水工程的运行和进一步治理提供科学依据,采用美国环保局的非点源负荷函数和城区污染物流失量负荷模型等方法,对苏州河截流区外(黄渡—北新泾区段)地表径流等非点源污染负荷进行全面调查。结果表明:(1)非点污染源是目前苏州河截流区外最主要的污染源;其中,畜牧业污染为本区最大的非点污染源。(2)北新泾断面是本区污染物向下游(截流区)排放的主要控制点。(3)截流工程实施后,非点污染源将成为苏州河污染最主要的来源之一。     

苏州河水的黑臭现象研究

通过对苏州河上海段３００ｋｍ＾２水域范围的实际观测试验，研究了苏州河出现黑臭现象的规律。讨论了河流中的有机污染物（ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ、ＮＨ３－Ｎ），溶解氧和水温对河水黑臭的影响定量关系，并应用多因子系数，建立了水质黑臭指数关系式，经过实测进行了验证，结果表明，应用所建立的黑臭指数关系式对苏州河沿程水质进行评价，其正确率可达９７％。