蔬菜类废弃物甲烷发酵的产气潜能及过程特征

蔬菜废弃物具有适合厌氧发酵的特性。采用Batch实验方法,对5种常见的蔬菜废弃物的产气潜能进行研究,并在此基础上进一步对厌氧发酵过程限制性步骤及物质转化特征进行分析。研究结果表明:5种蔬菜废弃物累积产甲烷量在发酵0～10 d内增加较快,土豆和白菜废弃物产甲烷潜能最大,分别达到102 mL·g-1(VS),和83 mL·g-1(VS),而黄瓜废弃物的甲烷化潜能较低,只有35 mL·g-1(VS)左右。动力学参数拟合表明:土豆和白菜废弃物厌氧发酵水解、酸化、乙酸化和甲烷化各过程转化速率都明显高于其他废弃物,并且各过程最大转化潜能也较其他类蔬菜高出2倍之多。厌氧发酵限制性步骤分析表明,快速水解生成的SCOD不能有效地转化为VFAs,限制了白菜废弃物厌氧消化的后续转化,而VFAs的累积则是胡萝卜、黄瓜和土豆废弃物厌氧发酵的限制性步骤, SCOD以及VFAs同时累积是茄子废弃物发酵过程的显著特征。对各物质发酵过程物质转化特征分析表明,各废弃物由于4 d以后甲烷菌对乙酸的利用减慢,导致丙酸向乙酸的转化减慢而发生累积现象,10 d以后由于产酸过程的减弱,累积的丙酸盐逐渐转化。     

外加电势强化厌氧氨氧化工艺处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液短程硝化出水

利用外加电势强化厌氧氨氧化处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液短程硝化出水, 研究外加电势对系统脱氮及有机物去除的影响。结果表明, 在外加电势为0.06 V时, TN的去除率由43.2%提升至71.3%, COD的去除率由12.1%提升至24.4%。渗沥液中分子质量大于20 kDa的有机物在外加电势的作用下被部分降解成分子质量相对较小的有机物。外加电势也会刺激微生物产生更多的EPS且能提高其中PN/PS的比值, 这有利于厌氧氨氧化菌在电极表面的生长和富集, 增强微生物的活性。电极生物膜中细胞色素c(Cyt-c)、亚硝酸盐还原酶(Nir)、肼合成酶(HZS)和肼脱氢酶(HDH)4种厌氧氨氧化菌的功能酶的活性也在外加电势的作用下得到了提升。     

PLA、PPC或PBAT与2次改性小麦秸秆全降解复合材料的力学性能与生态风险

制作复合材料是小麦秸秆资源化利用的有效途径之一。小麦秸秆的改性处理对制成的复合材料力学性能有很大影响,且不同的基体材料与小麦秸秆制成的复合材料性能也有所不同。以聚乳酸（PLA）、聚碳酸亚丙酯（PPC）、聚己二酸（PBAT）为基体材料,分别以改性前或碱处理及偶联剂方法2次改性后的小麦秸秆纤维为增强材料,采用压缩成型工艺制备了6种全降解复合材料,并对制成的6种复合材料进行了力学性能测试与比对;分析了3种改性后小麦秸秆制成的全降解复合材料的降解性能,并通过种子发芽实验研究了它们的浸提液的潜在生态风险。结果表明,2次改性小麦秸秆与基体材料制成的复合材料,其力学性能较原始秸秆与基体材料制成的复合材料有明显的增强,其拉伸、弯曲、冲击强度均有20%~50%的提升。3种可降解材料降解率由大到小的顺序为：PLA全降解复合材料 > PBAT全降解复合材料 > PPC全降解复合材料。质量分数1%的3种全降解复合材料浸提液对种子发芽过程基本不造成影响。     

环境评价污染气象观测与分析的几个问题

就实际环评工作中污染气象观测与分析中资料的选取与分析,地面常规气象资料的统计与分析,大气边界层观测与分析等几个问题提出了看法和建议。     

The interrelationships between resource-holding potential,resource-value and reproductive success in territorial males: How much variation can we explain?

A long-standing hypothesis in behavioural ecology posits that males with greater resource-holding potential (RHP) control resource sites deemed more valuable by sexually-receptive females and, thereby, males controlling such sites accrue greater reproductive success (RS). This hypothesis has historically been investigated using three separate but non-mutually exclusive relationships (male RHP vs. resource value, resource value vs. male RS and male RHP vs. RS). The relationships between these three variables are predicted to be strongly positive, however, due to measurement error and biological noise, perfect correlations (r = 1.0) are rare in biology even for well-established relationships. Moreover, the inaccurate identification of either the male trait(s) important to RHP or the resource characteristic sought by females will weaken the observed strength of the relationships. Here, I use meta-analysis to quantitatively describe the general pattern of these relationships in animals. I predict that the relationships between male RHP, resource-value and RS should be significantly positive (male RHP and resource-value should explain a large amount of the variation in male RS). My meta-analysis supports this hypothesis; however, in the best case scenario only ca. 20% of the variation in the response variable was explained. I conclude by identifying areas in which we need to improve our investigations of resource-defence animals and recommending approaches to meet these needs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Transport of pollutants in two estuarine systems on the coast of Georgia

The aim of the present study was to examine the distribution of pollutants in two coastal systems in Georgia: (1) Kubitskali river which flows into the Black sea through the city of Batumi and is polluted mainly from the effluents of an oil refinery; (2) Paliastomi lake, which is a shallow water body at the south-east of the city of Poti. During 2000-2001, two samplings took place in each system, one in the low-flow period and one in the high-flow period. During these samplings, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity were measured in situ, whereas water samples were collected for the analysis of trace metals, nutrients, and organic pollutants with standard methods. The results of the measurements indicate the significant pollution of both systems by ammonia and in the case of Kubitskali River also by oil products. The need for a sustainable management plan of the activities taking place in the river basin is urgent.     

An assessment of heavy-metal contamination in surface sediments of the Suez Gulf using geoaccumulation indexes and statistical analysis

An assessment of marine pollution due to metals was made in the Suez Gulf based on surface costal sediment collected from 18 locations along the Gulf. The samples were dried and acid-digested, and the metal contents (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (air-acetylene) with deuterium background correction. An evaluation of the heavy-metal pollution status of the Gulf was carried out using enrichment factors (EF) and geo-accumulation Indexes (I_geo). Also, heavy-metal concentrations in Suez Gulf sediments were evaluated using the Effect Range-Low (ERL) and the Effect Range-Median (ERM). The results of a Spearman correlation and factor and cluster analysis of the heavy metals analysed in the collected sediment were discussed. The main source of contamination is offshore oil field and industrial wastes, which arise due to the ineffective and inefficient operation equipments, illegal discharge and lack of supervision, and prosecution of offenders.     

Comparative study of heavy metal distribution in some coastal seaweeds of Alexandria, Egypt

The distribution of Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentration in five algae species (Enteromorpha intestinalis, Enteromorpha linza, Ulva lactuca, Corallina mediterranea, Pterocladia capillacea) collected from three areas having different types of metal contamination along Alexandria coastal waters (Egypt) were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The recovery study was carried out using a Certified Reference Material TORT-2. The obtained heavy metal contents indicate that different species demonstrate various degree of metal accumulation. Enteromorpha intestinalis (green algae) recorded the highest levels of Fe and Mn while Corallina mediterranea (Calcareous red algae) recorded the highest concentration of Pb, Ni, and Cd in the three areas under study. According to the present study, filamentous algae (Enteromorpha intestinalis) showed the ability to concentrate greater amount of trace elements than the foliaceous ones (Enteromorpha linza). In each area, mercury concentration has nearly the same value for all species under study.     

中国工业污染防治的战略决策——清洁生产

本文简述了清洁生产的概念与国外清洁生产的概况，评述了国内工业生产的现状及推行清洁生产的潜力和前景，并提出了一些有益建议。     

Non-compliance and the quota price in an ITQ fishery

This paper examines the effects of non-compliance on quota demands and the equilibrium quota price in an ITQ fishery. I show that whereas lower quota prices are implied unambiguously by expected penalties which are a function of the absolute violation size, the expectation of penalties based upon relative violations of quota demands can, under certain conditions, produce higher quota prices than in a compliant quota market. If there are both compliant and non-compliant firms in the fishery, the result would then be a shift in quota demand from compliant to non-compliant firms, rather than the reverse. The findings are generally applicable to quota markets in other industries, including pollution permit markets.