飞机货舱低气压环境对火灾探测参量影响研究

旨在为飞机货舱火灾探测系统设计和研制提供理论支撑,在飞机货舱环境模拟实验舱内开展了70kPa、80kPa、90kPa和100kPa下正庚烷火灾实验,分析了低气压环境对顶棚温度、烟气密度和气体浓度火灾探测参量的影响规律。低压下空气密度较小,卷吸系数减小,导致顶棚最高温升增加,顶棚温度衰减变快。同时,低压下烟气密度降低,并与压力呈指数关系,指数系数约为0.946,扩展了前人研究结果的应用范围。CO浓度最大值随压力降低而增加,且CO增长速率与压力呈负指数关系。CO2增长速率随着压力降低而略有减小。     

嘉兴市石臼漾水源生态湿地运行过程中植物多样性研究

浙江省嘉兴市石臼漾水源生态湿地是目前全国最大的水源保护湿地之一.为了解已实际运行2.5 a的石臼漾水源生态湿地植被现状,于2010年10～11月,采用样地法和样方法对湿地植被进行了系统调查,以期为水源生态湿地植被管理提供理论支持.对群落的物种组成、多样性变化以及生物质生产量进行了分析.共采集到湿地植物70种,隶属于28...     

Transpiration rates of urban trees, Aesculus chinensis

Transpiration patterns of Aesculus chinensis in relation to explanatory variables in the microclimatic, air quality, and biological phenomena categories were measured in Beijing, China using the thermal dissipation method. The highest transpiration rate measured as the sap flux density of the trees took place from 10:00 am to 13:00 pm in the summer and the lowest was found during nighttime in the winter. To sort out co-linearity, principal component analysis and variation and hierarchical partitioning methods were employed in data analyses. The evaporative demand index (EDI) consisting of air temperature, soil temperature, total radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and atmospheric ozone (O₃), explained 68% and 80% of the hourly and daily variations of the tree transpiration, respectively. The independent and joint effects of EDI variables together with a three-variable joint effect exerted the greatest influences on the variance of transpiration rates. The independent effects of leaf area index and atmospheric O₃ and their combined effect exhibited minor yet significant influences on tree transpiration rates.     

CO_2驱油中CO_2-模拟油系统的密度研究进展

CO2驱油是提高低渗透率油藏采收率(CO2-EOR)的有效途径之一,同时也能封存部分CO2缓解造温室效应。CO2油溶液的密度影响CO2在储层中的扩散和运移,因此对于EOR技术和CO2地质封存来讲十分重要。文章论述了在实验研究中模拟油的选取标准,目前使用的模拟油从密度和黏度考虑,主要为烃类物质及其混合物,这对于模拟低渗透油藏的原油性质具有指导意义。在此基础上对CO2-模拟油系统的密度实验测量方法进行了总结,并阐述了国内外CO2-模拟油系统密度的实验和理论研究进展。现有的研究范围和溶剂选取并不能很好地满足实际需求,这也要求系统的研究模拟油的选取标准,并对CO2-模拟油系统密度进行更接近工程实际的研究。     

电流密度对电化学氧化垃圾渗滤液效率影响

主要研究了不同电流密度对高氨氮垃圾渗滤液的电化学氧化效率,重点考察了电流密度(10、20、30、40 mA/cm)2对电解过程中的电解速率、电流效率、能耗以及三氯甲烷生成的影响。结果表明:在电流密度为30 mA/cm2时,电解6 h氨氮降解速率为7 mg/(L·min),COD降解速率为4.4 mg/(L·min),氨氮的氧化去除要先于COD的氧化去除;随着电流密度增加,电流效率逐渐增加,在电流密度为30 mA/cm2时达到45.23%,之后电流效率开始下降,电流密度为40 mA/cm2时电流效率为34%;能耗分析表明:随着电流密度增加,电解单位氨氮所需能耗先降低后升高,在电流密度为30 mA/cm2时达到最低0.09 kWh/g NH4+-N。在电流密度为40 mA/cm2时,电解6 h后三氯甲烷浓度从低于检测值升高至0.684 mg/L,产生速率为1.8μg/(L·min),三氯甲烷生成速率随着电流密度的增加而增加。     

核密度估计在海洋灾害保险纯保费厘定中的应用——以风暴潮灾害为例

频发的海洋灾害给人类社会正常的生产生活造成了不可估量的损失。总结日本灾后重建经验,本文认为提高居民防灾减灾能力、建立海洋灾害保险机制是我国社会发展中亟待解决的问题。由于有限的海洋灾害风险统计数据会降低传统的参数估计方法在海洋灾害保险费率厘定中的有效性,故本文引入非参数模型中的核密度估计方法对海洋灾害风险损失数据进行拟合,得到相应的期望损失,并以此为基础厘定海洋灾害保险的纯保费;在考虑风险附加后,文章对海洋灾害保险的费率进行了校正,以风暴潮为例进行实证分析,最终完成海洋灾害保险纯保费的厘定,并针对如何提高我国海洋灾害风险管理能力提出了若干对策建议。     

采用功率谱方法提取地球自由振荡信息

利用中国数字地震台网的三个台站所记录到的2011年日本里氏9.0级地震的地震数据,在没有进行去固体潮的前提下进行功率谱分析,获得了地球球型自由振荡振型,通过与PREM模型相对比,发现所提取的94个振型,包括76个基频振型（0S0,2S0～0S76）和18个谐频振型,与理论值的误差很小,所有数据的平均偏差为0.14%。文中发现该地震激发的0S2,0S3,0S4和1S2自由振荡振型有明显的频谱分裂现象。     

Assessment of aerial spray deposits in a spruce forest using in‐flight microencapsulation technique

Abstract

Spray drops were counted and sized on Kromekote® cards at ground level, and on spruce foliage at canopy level, after aerial application of a formulation containing a microencapsulation medium, over a spruce forest in Ontario. The majority of drops (70%) on foliage was 20 ‐ 75 µm range. A coarse drop size spectrum was observed on cards with a maximum diameter (Dmax) of 380 µm, and with 85% of the drops = 130 µm in diameter. Foliar drop analysis, on the other hand, indicated a finer spectrum with a Dmax of 150 µm, and with 85% of the drops = 75 µm. These results were explained on the basis of formulation ingredients, atomizer setting, weather factors, and drop retention on target surfaces. The assessment of spray deposits on glass plates at ground level indicated that about 16% of the applied spray volume reached the forest floor, a value which is comparable to those obtained in previous forestry applications using the ultra‐low‐volume (ULV) technique.     

Ability of Matrix Models to Explain the Past and Predict the Future of Plant Populations

Uncertainty associated with ecological forecasts has long been recognized, but forecast accuracy is rarely quantified. We evaluated how well data on 82 populations of 20 species of plants spanning 3 continents explained and predicted plant population dynamics. We parameterized stage‐based matrix models with demographic data from individually marked plants and determined how well these models forecast population sizes observed at least 5 years into the future. Simple demographic models forecasted population dynamics poorly; only 40% of observed population sizes fell within our forecasts’ 95% confidence limits. However, these models explained population dynamics during the years in which data were collected; observed changes in population size during the data‐collection period were strongly positively correlated with population growth rate. Thus, these models are at least a sound way to quantify population status. Poor forecasts were not associated with the number of individual plants or years of data. We tested whether vital rates were density dependent and found both positive and negative density dependence. However, density dependence was not associated with forecast error. Forecast error was significantly associated with environmental differences between the data collection and forecast periods. To forecast population fates, more detailed models, such as those that project how environments are likely to change and how these changes will affect population dynamics, may be needed. Such detailed models are not always feasible. Thus, it may be wiser to make risk‐averse decisions than to expect precise forecasts from models. Habilidad de los Modelos Matriciales para Explicar el Pasado y Predecir el Futuro de las Poblaciones de Plantas     

核电事故中核素气溶胶烟羽扩散的模拟研究

本文选用高斯模型对放射性气溶胶扩散特性进行了模拟研究,分析了影响气溶胶扩散的主要几何参数和气象因素,探求了放射性污染物在地面上的浓度分布,最大浓度位置以及安全范围的划分等问题.模拟研究结果与相关文献相一致,证明了高斯扩散模型对此类扩散模拟的合理性和有效性；这为全面了解放射性气溶胶扩散的特性、对快速、有效地处置核事故具有指导意义.