洪泽湖湿地生态系统保护与修复关键技术研究

分析了洪泽湖湿地生态系统属性及其在南水北调工程实施后的演变趋势,利用野外实验研究,在生境改变条件下,适用于不同湿地退化状况的人工辅助恢复技术;在实验监测的基础上,对洪泽湖几种典型湿地生态系统的生态功能进行了定量评价,为生态恢复工程的设计提供必要的技术支持。     

Soft intervention technology as a tool for integrated coastal zone management

After introducing soft defence techniques as an alternative to hard defence techniques, the need is emphasized to consider the coastal area as an integral system. By recalling the main driving factors for coastal management: conflict resolution, resilience and sustainability, we logically arrive at the concepts of ecological engineering and ecotechnology, which are increasingly acknowledged as possible solutions to achieve sustainable use of coastal space as a resource. In this context, we refer to the principles of self design and of ecosystem conservation. In order to deal with real situations we are in need of fundamental ‘tools’ for the application of the soft intervention technology approach. We therefore introduce the concept of physiographic units and develop an initial elaboration for a coastal stretch and for coastal wetlands. The latter deserve more attention because of the already established practices of ecotechnology, at least as far as water and soil quality are concerned, but certainly also concerning morphology, especially in the future. We conclude by briefly discussing how activities undertaken in two research projects currently being conducted under the framework of the Marine Science and Technology Program of the Commission of the European Communities are expected to contribute to the concepts introduced here.     

发展中国家灾害经济的特点、成因及对策

发展中国家人口众多,经济技术落后,酱稀缺,抗灾能力低,防灾意识不强,加多不合理经济活动对环境的过度干预以及发达国家转嫁环境灾害和社会危机,致使发展中国家产生灾害的潜在因素日益增加,灾害的成灾损失越来越严重,灾害对经济发展的影响与经济因素对灾害的影响都在日益加深,形成恶性循环。本文从经济学角度提出了防灾减灾就采取的主要对策。     

雷达关键部件对西北地区典型环境适应性的综合仿真研究

长期工作在西北地区大温差、多风砂和强紫外线等恶劣复杂环境下的雷达装备表面极易出现表面磨蚀或损坏。建立了雷达对西北地区综合环境适应性的仿真分析方法,以计算流体动力学(CFD)软件FLUENT为平台,对雷达典型部件在大温差、多风砂和强紫外线环境中的表面状态进行仿真模拟。仿真结果与雷达装备实际情况较为吻合,为进一步深入研究相关物理机理以及设计防护措施提供了理论依据。     

Institutional Constraints on Cost‐Effective Water Management: Selenium Contamination in Colorado's Lower Arkansas River Valley

Ground and surface water selenium (Se) contamination is problematic throughout the world, leading to harmful impacts on aquatic life, wildlife, livestock, and humans. A groundwater reactive transport model was applied to a regional‐scale irrigated groundwater system in the Lower Arkansas River Basin in southeastern Colorado to identify management practices that remediate Se contamination. The system has levels of surface water and groundwater Se concentrations exceeding the respective chronic standard and guidelines. We evaluate potential solutions by combining the transport model with an assessment of the cost to employ those practices. We use a framework common in economics and engineering fields alike, the Pareto frontier, to show the impact of four different best management practices on the tradeoffs between Se and cost objectives. We then extend that analysis to include institutional constraints that affect the economic feasibility associated with each practice. Results indicate that although water‐reducing strategies have the greatest impact on Se, they are the hardest for farmers to implement given constraints common to western water rights institutions. Therefore, our analysis shows that estimating economic and environmental tradeoffs, as is typically done with a Pareto frontier, will not provide an accurate picture of choices available to farmers where institutional constraints should also be considered.     

人工湿地基质中腐殖质的积累与分布特点

腐殖质来源于生物残体的降解,可参与多种污染物迁移转化,具有重要环境生态效应.本研究以常见的水平潜流和垂直流2种系统为研究对象,探讨了以无机基质为主构建的常规人工湿地中腐殖质的积累与分布特点.研究结果表明,随着污水处理运行,水平潜流和垂直流人工湿地中,大部分基质中腐殖质全碳量均有增加,水平潜流系统含量在1.7～ 18 g/kg,垂直流系统在1.9 ～7.5 g/kg;胡敏素是各系统腐殖质的主体组成,含量最高,水平潜流系统含量在1.55～17.22g/kg,垂直流系统在1.43 ～7.21 g/kg.腐殖质另外2种组分,富里酸和胡敏酸碳含量都比较低,水平潜流系统富里酸碳含量在0 ～0.68 g/kg,胡敏酸碳含量0.008 ～0.26g/kg;垂直流系统富里酸碳含量在0.015 ～0.38 g/kg,胡敏酸碳含量在0.05～0.15 g/kg,各系统中富里酸碳含量均高于胡敏酸碳含量;各系统中,根系基质腐殖质全碳及3种组分含量都显著高于非根际基质;不管是水平潜流还是垂直流,低水力负荷系统的比高水力负荷系统更高.     

天津市湿地资源开发的累积环境影响评价初探

历史上天津市自然湿地资源十分丰富,几十年来湿地大面积萎缩和生态功能急剧退化。天津湿地生态系统存在的主要问题是湿地生态系统如何恢复、重建和功能修复。文章在对天津市湿地生态环境建设的现状与湿地景观变化发展主要问题进行分析的基础上,探讨了湿地生态建设的目标、任务和对策,论述了湿地资源开发利用过程中累积影响评价(CIA)在政策、规划、计划及项目的各个层次都应得到充分考虑,建议明确将累积影响评价纳入到资源开发利用的体系,推动环境影响评价实践的进一步深入开展。     

盐城湿地大米草对有机污染物净化的研究

盐城沿海湿地大米草(Spartina anglica)不仅是潮间带脆弱光滩环境促淤、护岸等方面的先锋植物,而且也是该区水环境挥发酚类等有机污染物净化的先锋植物。实验结果显示大米草叶面对水中的有机酚具有良好的吸附作用。在静水、避光(夜晚)条件下,大米草对苯酚的吸附过程符合Freundlich吸附规律:q=1.3×10-8C0.08314;同时,大米草种群密度、淹水深度、水流紊动与苯酚的浓度等也影响其对苯酚吸附净化。在光照(白天)条件下。大米草对苯酚又具有光催化降解功能,在同等条件下,与夜晚相比,阴天、晴天光辐射2h后大米草对苯酚的去除率分别可提高9.3和12.8倍。     

城市地区重建湿地的生态过程研究

研究了湿地重建过程中植物、土壤和水质的动态变化特征.湿地重建2 a后植物种类增加了11种,芦苇、菖蒲和香蒲3种植物的高度、生物量在第2个生长季明显高于第1个生长季节,植物生物量分别增加到原来的13、1.5和1.4倍.湿地种植区土壤有机质总体上是降低的,土壤全氮含量从1?500　mg/kg降低到850　mg/kg（p＜0.01）,土壤全磷在试验期间略有增加.对重建湿地12种水质指标分析表明,夏季湿地出口源水溶解氧高于进口源水,出口源水总氮、叶绿素a、藻类计数3种水质指标均低于进口源水,说明重建湿地水质在夏季出口源水优于进口源水,水质得到改善.研究表明,湿地植物群落重建成功,生物多样性增加,重建湿地在改善和保持源水水质方面发挥了一定的作用.     

潜流人工湿地去除大庆地区湖泊水体中石油类化合物的研究

针对大庆地区石油类化合物污染湖泊水质特点和气候条件,采用包含砾石床、砾石芦苇床、炉渣芦苇床和炉渣床单元的现场试验系统,考察启动期、投加微生物、投加缓释碳源、水温低于5℃和常规运行期等工况下各单元对石油类化合物的去除效果及其去除机理.在整个试验期内4个单元石油类化合物的平均去除率分别为24.7％、28.4％、45.9％和42.9％;投加微生物和缓释碳源都可提高石油类化合物污染物的去除效果;以炉渣为填料的单元污染物去除效果显著优于以砾石为填料的单元.2005年常规运行期间,湿地床和对照床石油类化合物去除率存在显著性差异（p<0.05）,植物对石油类化合物的去除起到显著的促进作用.系统运行期内通过截留去除的石油类化合物占总去除量70％左右,各单元该比例没有显著性差异（p<0.05）.