REDD+ and forest tenure security: concerns in Nepal’s community forestry

As one of the dominant large-scale mechanisms proposed to combat climate change, biodiversity loss, and rural poverty, REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) has added further complexity to the challenging governance of rights and resources in global forests. As REDD+ is commodifying carbon, concerns emerge about how carbon ownership and its rights can be accommodated into the existing framework that governs local forest resource rights. The Nepalese government has formally entered into REDD+ policy preparations, but it lacks clear legal provisions regarding key forest tenure rights such as carbon ownership, benefit sharing, and the political participation of community forest user groups from national to local. As a result, Nepal’s policy process points toward performance-based carbon forestry in a way that may undermine and weaken existing community tenure rights and forest tenure security.

This paper discusses Nepal’s potential impacts of new REDD+ and carbon ownership arrangements on forest tenure security and community-based forest governance. In a threefold methodological approach, the paper presents three scenarios for a REDD+-oriented tenure reform within the existing framework and assesses their concerns through in-depth qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, representatives, and advocates of Nepal’s community forestry system, complemented by a review of government documents and academic literature of REDD+ lessons so far. The analysis identifies critical concerns for forest tenure security, state-community power relationships, and effective local institutions of the commons, and suggests that Nepal’s REDD+ process is taking place at a particularly consequential time for structural changes of the forest governance framework.     

水的生态治理机制对林业劳动安全生产影响分析

随着我国可持续发展战略的实施,自然环境综合治理机制越来越受到社会关注,水资源保护成为自然生态保护的重要内容,水资源保护过程中需要建立完善的生态治理机制,保证水资源能够合理循环,实现经济社会的可持续发展。林业劳动安全生产对水具有高度依赖性,因此水资源生态治理机制建设可以推动林业劳动安全生产管理工作得以顺利开展,全面实现林业生产效益,保障林业劳动生产的安全性。     

Direct and Indirect Effects of Forest Harvesting on Sediment Yield in Forested Watersheds of the United States

Managed forests generally produce high water quality, but degradation is possible via sedimentation if proper management is not implemented during forest harvesting. To mitigate harvesting effects on total watershed sediment yield, it is necessary to understand all processes that contribute to these effects. Forest harvesting best management practices (BMPs) focus almost exclusively on overland sediment sources, whereas in‐and‐near stream sources go unaddressed although they can contribute substantially to sediment yield. Thus, we propose a new framework to classify forest harvesting effects on stream sediment yield according to their direct and indirect processes. Direct effects are those caused by erosion and sediment delivery to surface water from overland sources (e.g., forest roads). Indirect effects are those caused by a shift in hydrologic processes due to tree removal that accounts for increases in subsurface and surface flows to the stream such that alterations in water quality are not predicated upon overland sediment delivery to the stream, but rather in‐stream processes. Although the direct/indirect distinction is often implicit in forest hydrology studies, we have formalized it as a conceptual model to help identify primary drivers of sediment yield after forest harvesting in different landscapes. Based on a literature review, we identify drivers of these effects in five regions of the United States, discuss current forest management BMPs, and identify research needs.     

基于Esteban-Marquillas拓展模型的中国农业增长的演进特征

论文基于偏离-份额法的Esteban-Marquillas拓展模型,从份额分量、结构分量、净竞争分量和资源配置分量4方面系统研究了1985—2014年间中国农业生产规模及结构的演进特征。结果表明：1）研究期间,中国农业增加值呈现阶段式增长,种植业和牧业是导致农业增长的主要产业,黄淮海区和长江中下游区是全国农业增长的主要区域。2）八大粮食生产区农业产业份额分量均表现出先剧烈波动、后稳步增长的发展态势;各区域产业结构优势总体较弱且进一步下降;净竞争分量变化具有波动性,种植业、渔业促进区域农业总体竞争力的作用增强,林业和牧业的促进作用减弱;种植业和林业改善区域农业资源配置效应的作用增强,牧业和渔业则相对减弱。3）建议各区域结合产业发展优势,制定相关政策加强区域资源整合、农产品流通与技术合作,促进地区农业稳定发展。研究结果可为我国农业生产结构优化及差异化的发展策略制定提供依据。     

论煤矿城市塌陷区和露天采矿区的生态重建战略问题

本文对上述不同地区煤矿塌陷区和露天采矿区的生态重建战略问题分别进行了论述。     

林业碳汇助力乡村振兴的调查——以国家重点生态功能区S县为例

林业碳汇是应对温室气体排放而提出的新型林业发展理念与方向,在绿水青山就是金山银山的理念下,可以利用林业碳汇发展模式实现经济与生态的互利共赢。从S县的现状看,林业碳汇的开发取得了初步成效,但还存在设施与宣传不足的问题,同时缺乏科学的管理。为此,需要采取有效措施,包括加大普及力度、加强基础条件建设、扩大实施范围、加快不同规则的对接、完善管理制度、搭建第三方交易平台等,以期为林业资源丰富地区探索生态建设与乡村振兴有机结合提供有益借鉴。     

林业产业集群竞争力研究

林业产业集群竞争力的定量评价是林业产业竞争力水平分析和政策制定的重要基础。GEM模型是当前产业集群竞争力评价研究中最具影响力的模型,本文以GEM模型为基础,考虑了林业产业近年来受到政策和社会因素的重要影响,提出了将政策环境和社会环境作为第四个因素对而对GEM模型做出拓展,构建GEMS模型,以适用于林业产业集群竞争力的评价。在此基础上,本文建立了林业产业集群竞争力的GEMS评价指标体系,提出了指标赋值标准,并且在量化过程中提出了最终GEMS得分的评价标准。运用GEMS模型及指标体系可以对林业产业竞争力水平的衡量以及类似产业间的比较,并据此做出合理的应对措施。     

Public Perceptions and Acceptance of Intensive Forestry in Sweden

The use of intensive forestry on part of the forested area in Sweden increases the production of forest biomass and enables an increased use of such biomass to mitigate climate change. However, with increasing conflicting interests in forests and forestry, the success of such a strategy depends on the public acceptance. In this paper, the results of a mail survey show that although a majority of the general public in Sweden supports measures to increase forest growth, they oppose the use of intensive forestry practices such as the cultivation of exotic tree species, clones, and forest fertilization. The acceptance of such practices is mainly influenced by the perceptions of their environmental consequences. Public acceptance was highest for forest fertilization, whereas clone cultivation was the least accepted practice.     

Comparative study on consumption behaviors in private car markets between large and medium–small cities in China

With the economic development and the acceleration of motorization in China, the number of private cars increases rapidly in urban areas. However, the limit of urban resources and the contradiction between traffic supply and demand are increasingly prominent in large cities, while private car consumption has been a new “light” in medium and small cities. Consumers’ behaviors differ from region to region. Aiming at the above problems, we formulate structural equation modeling and carry out empirical research. In this paper, a comparative study about the main influential factors that affect the consumption of private cars in large and small cities in China is made, and it is hoped that some guidance for policy recommendations can be obtained.     

林业资源多媒体信息管理系统的开发和应用

本文阐述了林业资源多媒体信息管理系统的开发环境、组织结构和功能．