浅谈资源型城市可持续发展 ──以大庆为例阐述战略规划和环境政策制定的依据和原则

文章分析了资源型城市制定可持续发展战略和环境政策的依据和原则,以大庆开发建设多年来的成功经验和失败教训为例,阐释了资源型城市充分利用资源、资金、文化、人才的重要性和必要性,及对生态环境和人文环境充分保护的紧迫性。进而说明:充分利用好城市的各种资源,充分保护好城市的生态环境和人文环境,及早发展替代产业完成城市转型是资源型城市可持续发展的必由之路。     

Application of Sample Selection Model in Estimating Response Functions for Nitrate Percolation

The Seymour aquifer region of Texas has been identified as containing elevated levels of nitrate in ground water. Various state and federal agencies are currently studying policy options for the region by gathering more site-specific information. However, because of lack of sufficient information, cause and effect relationships between water quality and agricultural practices have not been well established for the region. Some recently available biophysical simulation models have impressive capabilities in generating large amounts of data on environmental pollution resulting from agricultural production practices. In this study, the data generated by a biophysical simulation model were used to estimate the nitrate percolation response functions for the Seymour aquifer region. Interestingly, nitrate percolation values obtained from simulation models often comprise acensoredsample because the non-zero percolation values are only observed under certain climatic events and input levels. It has been shown in the econometric literature that the use of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) on censored sample data produces biased and inconsistent parameter estimates. Thus, a sample selection model was used in this study to estimate the response functions for nitrate percolation. The study provides some insight into the relationship between nitrate percolation and agricultural production practices. In particular, the study demonstrates the potential of selected design standards in minimizing agricultural nonpoint-source (NPS) pollution for the study area.     

Chirp浅剖仪在水域地质调查中的应用

基于线性调频技术的Chirp声学浅剖仪系统,较好地解决了探测深度以及分辨率这两个最令人关心但又互为矛盾的问题。该浅剖仪系统主要由导航系统、信号控制系统、信号发射系统、信号接受系统以及测深系统等5部分组成,理论上,其纵向地层分辨率为十几厘米左右,最大探测深度在百米左右,具体视地层以及水质等条件而定。考虑到该系统的特殊性和复杂性,对其关键操作进行了较为详细的描述。最后介绍了该系统在活断层调查、管线走向调查以及水底抛石调查等不同类型水域岩土工程勘察中的成功应用,表明其具有良好的应用前景。     

综合交通枢纽内换乘大厅与相邻商业场所之间的防火分隔研究

为提高资源利用效率,综合交通枢纽建筑的换乘大厅内常常设置相邻商业。商业场所可燃物众多,火灾危险性大,为阻止火灾蔓延而不影响通透性要求,换乘大厅与相邻商业之间经常采用大量的防火卷帘进行分隔。但防火卷帘的可靠性不高,全国不同地区相继出台规定以限制防火卷帘在防火分隔中的使用比例,这给综合交通枢纽大面积换乘大厅内相邻商业的设置带来了一定的困难。以某交通枢纽换乘大厅为例,采用性能化分析的方法,对防火卷帘设置的不同比例下,商业火灾对换乘大厅内人员安全性的影响进行分析论证,得出在采取一定消防措施的前提下,相邻商业场所与交通枢纽换乘大厅之间的防火卷帘宽度占防火分隔总宽度的设置比例可适当增加,在该文的工程案例中可放宽至40%。     

低碳城市和创新型城市双试点效果评估——基于绿色经济转型视角

全面系统评估环境规制政策协同效应对绿色经济效率的影响,对于推动生态文明建设具有重要的意义。文章基于2006—2020年281个地级市的样本数据,运用多期双重差分模型评估双试点政策对绿色经济效率的影响。研究发现：(1)相比于非试点城市,双试点政策的实施使试点城市的绿色经济效率提升约8.29%,此结论在经过平行趋势等稳健性检验后依旧成立;(2)双试点政策比单试点政策更能显著提高绿色经济效率,政策间存在协同效应;(3)双试点政策通过创新型和改进型绿色技术创新、降低能源消费强度促进绿色经济效率,同时会增加能源消费规模进而抑制绿色经济效率;(4)双试点政策对周围100～900 km以内区域的绿色经济效率产生显著的正向空间溢出效应。本文丰富了环境政策协同对绿色经济效率的影响研究,为政策的有效实施、推动减污降碳协同增效提供科学支持。     

Effective risk governance for environmental policy making: A knowledge management perspective

Effective risk management within environmental policy making requires knowledge on natural, economic and social systems to be integrated; knowledge characterised by complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity. We describe a case study in a (UK) central government department exploring how risk governance supports and hinders this challenging integration of knowledge. Forty-five semi-structured interviews were completed over a two year period. We found that lateral knowledge transfer between teams working on different policy areas was widely viewed as a key source of knowledge. However, the process of lateral knowledge transfer was predominantly informal and unsupported by risk governance structures. We argue this made decision quality vulnerable to a loss of knowledge through staff turnover, and time and resource pressures. Our conclusion is that the predominant form of risk governance framework, with its focus on centralised decision-making and vertical knowledge transfer is insufficient to support risk-based, environmental policy making. We discuss how risk governance can better support environmental policy makers through systematic knowledge management practices.     

On the use of systematic reviews to inform environmental policies

Environmental research varies in its methodological quality, degree of bias, and relevance to policy questions. Using this heterogeneous, and sometimes polarised, research to inform environmental policies can be challenging. Policy-making in the healthcare field sometimes uses systematic reviews (SRs) to tackle these issues and present a comprehensive, policy-neutral, transparent and reproducible synthesis of the evidence. However, there is less familiarity with SRs in the environmental field. The aim of this article is to: (1) summarise the process of conducting SRs, using best practice methods from the healthcare field as an example, (2) explain the rationale behind each stage of conducting a SR, and (3) examine the prospects and challenges of using SRs to inform environmental policy. We conclude that existing SR protocols from healthcare can be, and have been, applied successfully to environmental research but some adaptations could improve the process. The literature search stage could be expedited by standardising the reporting and indexing of environmental studies, equivalent to that in the healthcare field. The consistency of the study appraisal stage of SRs could be augmented by refining the existing quality assessment tools used in the healthcare field, enhancing their ability to discriminate quality and risk of bias in non-randomised studies. Ultimately, the strength of evidence within SRs on environmental topics could be improved through more widespread use of randomised controlled trials as a research method, owing to their inherently lower risk of bias when conducted according to best practice.     

EVALUATION OF SOME APPROACHES TO ESTIMATING NON-POINT POLLUTANT LOADS FOR UNMONITORED AREAS1

ABSTRACT: Evaluation of the non-point source pollutant load entering a lake from multiple tributaries requires either that all tributaries be monitored or that some extrapolation method be used to estimate loads originating in areas not monitored. Unmonitored areas include not only watersheds of tributaries that are not monitored, but also portions of a monitored tributary's drainage basin downstream from the monitoring site and areas of direct drainage. Significant portions of large lake drainage basins are often not monitored, and loads for these areas are often estimated by extrapolation. Six simple extrapolation procedures were evaluated by using them to estimate loads for areas that had been monitored and comparing the estimated loads with the monitored loads. Three approaches were based on inter-basin ratios of area, C-factor, and discharge. The other approaches used regression relationships between concentration and flow to estimate concentrations for the unmonitored basin. The ratio approaches generally were more reliable than the regression approaches. However, extrapolation by any method tested was not very precise. Some methods also were biased when applied to watersheds of a size different than the monitored one. Extrapolation by any of these methods would compromise the precision of the lake-wide load estimate, if the unmonitored area were a significant part of the entire basin.     

Monitoring of Vegetation Development in Technogenically Disturbed Areas of the Usinskoe Oil Field

Vegetation development and changes in the characteristics of the substrate in technogenically disturbed sites in the Usinskoe oil field were monitored for ten years (1992–2002). It has been demonstrated that 86 species of vascular plants and 12 species of bryophytes constitute the vegetation formed on fill-up soils during the first stages of recovery succession. A succession of dominant species was observed in the tenth year of monitoring. Differences in plant composition on the ground surface of different technological zones of plots located in different landscapes are described.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 269–274.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Zheleznova, Kuznetsova, Evdokimova, Turubanova.     

Analysis on Temporal and Spatial Changes and Driving Forces of Poverty-Stricken Areas in Hebei Province

1 INTRODUCTIONPoverty is a social phenomenon accompanying the processof human development (Shen Hong, 2000),it is also oneof the Three Ps problems (poverty, pollution andpopulation),alleviating and eliminating poverty has beenone of the major concerns in many countries. Since Chinesegovernment has implemented the anti-poverty programin a planned way in 1986, the number of impoverishedpopulation has decreased year by year, especially after theimplementation of National Seven-Year Anti-p…