化学品立法与环境保护

随着化学工业的快速发展,我国化学品的产量和贸易量呈逐年增加的趋势,因化学品所导致的环境污染也越来越严重.伴随着化学品贸易与环境管理的国际一体化趋势以及国内对环境保护的呼声越来越高,迫切要求建立、健全化学品环境管理法规.在对比分析了美国、欧盟、日本等发达国家或地区化学品立法特征的基础上,阐述了我国在化学品立法方面存在的缺陷,如预防预警、源头控制理念不足,缺乏优先管理和风险管理制度,监督管理环节薄弱,以及缺乏各部门之间协调配合的监督管理机制等;分析了我国化学品立法的必要性和紧迫性,提出了重点针对有毒有害化学物质进行管理的预防为主、源头控制、风险管理以及全过程管理的立法理念,并对立法管理对象以及需建立的管理制度和标准等主要内容提出了建议.      

A proactive process risk assessment approach based on job hazard analysis and resilient engineering

Complex systems often experience a long period of incubation before accidents occur. Therefore, a proactive risk assessment is essential for process safety. The conventional job hazard analysis (JHA) method has been an effective tool to conduct a process risk assessment in the high-risk industrial field. However, the conventional JHA is inadequate for the proactive risk assessment since it is usually conducted during and before one specific operation process. Operations such as startup and maintenance are performed repeatedly on the lifecycle of a plant. Therefore, the risk reduction measures for the industrial process should include not only preventive actions obtained from the conventional JHA but also recovery ones. Resilience engineering (RE) has proven to be helpful for the recovery analysis of a complex system. The objective of this paper is to propose a proactive and comprehensive process risk assessment approach based on JHA and RE. The mechanism of applying RE to address operation process risk is illustrated. The integrated approach can provide guidelines to establish proactive risk reduction measures as well as maintain a low-risk level. Finally, a gas transmission startup process risk assessment case is presented to demonstrate its applicability.     

Mitigating the Effect of Development on Bats in England with Derogation Licensing

The Convention on Biological Diversity has catalyzed worldwide awareness of threats to biological diversity and stimulated global conservation strategies. These have led to national and international legislation and have generated debate about the most effective conservation actions. Under the EU Habitats Directive, all member states are obliged to establish a system for strict protection of species listed in Annex IV(a), which includes all bats. In England, this obligation has resulted in legislation that allows for derogation from strict protection under license, provided activities are undertaken to mitigate any potential negative effects on bat numbers. We used an evidence‐based approach to assess the cost‐effectiveness of mitigation strategies and the English bat‐derogation licensing process as a whole. We analyzed data from 389 bat derogation licenses issued in England from 2003 to 2005 relating to 1776 roosts and 15 species to determine the nature and extent of development and mitigation activities and their effects on bats. Overall the effects of licensed activities on roosts were negative. Despite the level of protection afforded to bats, the majority (68%) of roosts for which derogation licenses were issued were destroyed. There were species‐specific differences in the probability of roosts being destroyed, and impacts on roosts did not reflect a species’ conservation status. Information provided by licensees was inadequate and inconsistent. Most licensees (67%) failed to submit postdevelopment reports, and postdevelopment monitoring was conducted at only 19% of sites. Despite a minimum of £4.13 million spent on mitigation structures for bats from 2003 to 2005, it was unclear whether the licensing process meets EU obligations. On the basis of our results, we believe there is a need to overhaul the licensing process, to establish a comprehensive, standardized postdevelopment monitoring system, and to demonstrate that mitigation is commensurate with Britain's legal obligations. Mitigando el Efecto del Desarrollo sobre los Murciélagos en Inglaterra con Licencias de Derogación     

也谈对环境的损害--欧盟《预防和补救环境损害的环境责任指令》的启示

欧盟于2004年3月通过了一项预防和补救环境损害的环境责任指令,鲜明地将"环境损害"这一定义规定在该指令中,并且针对环境损害规定一系列预防和补救措施,具有较强的前瞻性.审视国内相关理论和立法,具有一定的滞后和欠缺.鉴于环境立法具有相当强的可借鉴性,围绕该指令进行相关理论和立法上的探讨.     

社会主义市场经济与环境立法

随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的逐步建立，环境立法也应随这相应发展，环境保护法制建设必要性和重要性，一是填补原有的立法空白，包括持续发展立法，环境保护组织立法环境保护行政法程序立法，二是现行环境法是一些不能与新形势相适应的内容必须加以修改完善，以排污收费为例，分析了实施中存在的问题，探讨了实行环境税的积极作用。     

中国生态工业园区的发展与立法促进

生态工业园区顺应了时代关于经济发展与环境保护的双向要求,成为区域经济发展的新型模式.生态工业园区在全球范围内兴起并迅速发展,中国的生态工业园区也在如火如荼的进行着.为了促进和保障园区的健康发展,为其量身定做法制外衣的需求也日渐强烈.通过分析法律制度对工业园区发展所能起到的积极作用,得出对生态工业园区立法的必要性;通过对现有法律制度的分析,得出为其立法的现实可行性,并最终得出,需要对生态工业园区进行立法的结论性建议.     

环境与自然资源保护统一立法的必要性

该文从理论基础和现实意义两个方面对环境与自然资源保护统一立法的必要性做了浅要分析。     

农村社区更新理念、模式及其立法

首先从农村社区更新的内涵出发 ,阐述了从传统发展观念到可持续发展观念过程中人类社会的理念所经历的3个阶段 ,从而认为实施可持续发展战略是农村社区更新的强大推动力 ;继而提出农村社区更新的4条基本原则 ,分析归纳了农村社区更新两类4种模式 ,指出当前农村社区更新工作的重点 ,最后阐述了农村社区更新的立法问题 ,包括立法原则 ,立法的管理对象、管理目标及管理内容 ,立法模式及框架等     

有害废物管理制度及其立法内容

有害废物管理建立在有害废物管理法律制度基础上，研究有害废物申报登记制度、货单制度、许可证制度、交换制度及收费制度等管理制度的立法内容，对促进有害废物管理法律的制定和规范有害废物管理具有重要意义。     

Climate laws in small European states: symbolic legislation and limits of diffusion in Ireland and Finland

ABSTRACT

The past decade has seen the introduction of framework climate change laws in several countries. The development of climate laws in two small European states, Ireland and Finland, both of which introduced national climate laws in 2015, are examined. Two questions are addressed. First, to what extent do later adopters of climate policy instruments draw on the examples of pioneering legislation? Second, how and why are pioneering climate policy instruments modified by later adopters? In both cases, the 2008 UK Climate Change Act was a source of inspiration in the early stages, particularly for civil society campaigns. Thereafter, domestic interests mobilised to remove from legislative proposals the most pioneering and ambitious parts of the UK model. The result, in both cases, was enactment of climate laws that resembled only very loosely the UK Climate Change Act.