大规模突发事件中基于满意度的应急物资优化调度模型

建立了大规模突发事件下供给点应急物资供应数量小于应急点应急物资需求数量的应急物资管理调度模型。同时结合大规模突发事件的特点,将模型设为多时段动态变化的,能使有限资源达到最大救援效用的多物资、多种运输方式、多运输车辆的物资优化调度模型,并根据不同应急点对物资需求的重要程度不同引入权重系数,使应急救援初期有限资源的分配达到整体的最大满意度。结合模型特点,给出模型的求解算法,并通过一个算例验证模型和算法的有效性。最后得出,以整体应急点的满意度作为具有多货物多起止点多运输方式等特点的应急物资调度问题的目标函数,能使应急救援过程达到最大的救援效率。     

新型防突装置对封隔器胶筒力学性能影响研

为了进一步保证封隔器安全坐封,提高封隔器胶筒的力学性能,基于现有成熟技术,设计了一种新型防突装置,分析了不同防突装置材料和结构参数对封隔器胶筒肩部突出、接触应力、Von Mises应力的影响。结果表明:新型封隔器肩部突出距离相比常规封隔器降低了63.35%,使胶筒不易被破坏,延长了胶筒的寿命;对防突装置材料和结构参数进行优选,选择材料为铝合金,距胶筒端面距离H=2.5mm,厚度B=0.5mm的新型防突装置;新型防突装置的设计与应用为封隔器坐封提供了安全保障。     

直升机失事应急救援路线双目标优化研究

近年来直升机失事事故呈上升趋势,直接威胁到人民生命财产安全,并产生严重的经济、政治负面影响。为此,研究直升机失事应急救援路线的多目标优化问题,在提出的应急救援路径选择模型中,考虑了直升机失事所造成的次生灾害对弧段路况的影响,优化目标是最小化路线的通行时间和当量长度。基于启发式思想,设计了求解这一模型的双目标优化算法,并给出了算法的正确性证明,实例模拟说明了模型和算法的有效性和可行性。     

基于大气特征污染物的监测布点选址优化研究

针对常规大气环境监测未能对局部特殊污染情况进行表征的缺陷,提出基于特征污染物的监测布点选址优化方法:首先运用综合评分方法筛选区域大气特征污染物,然后建立综合了环境、经济和社会因素的多目标规划模型,并通过模糊层次分析法计算各子目标权重系数,最后应用lingo软件对模型优化求解,得到最优的监测点位布设方案.以南京市仙林地区为案例研究的结果表明,基于大气特征污染物的监测布点多目标模型能够得到较合理的优化点位布局,在3种情景中,选择的最优点位分别为25#、43#, 25#、43#、54#和25#、43#、54#、77#, 为实际大气环境监测优化布点提供科学指导.     

基于水资源耦合价值的绿色水价模型及其应用——以下辽河平原为例

为了准确体现水资源价值的差异性、动态性及其整体性,提出基于绿色核算的水资源耦合价值评价指标体系及绿色水价模型。以下辽河平原为例,引入可变模糊综合评价法,结合熵值法和层次分析法对水资源耦合价值进行评价,计算该区水资源天然价值系数、附加价值系数、经济价值系数、社会（公益）价值系数、生态价值系数及环境价值系数,据此得出绿色水价标准：城乡居民生活用水为3.54 元/m³,农村居民生活用水（暂行）为132 元/（a·人）,农工商服务业用水为6.14 元/m³,农田灌溉用水（暂行）为0.79 元/m³,行政事业用水为4.72 元/m³,园林绿化用水为7.34 元/m³,特种行业用水为12.33 元/m³。各行政分区水资源耦合价值及各单项价值的评价结果基本符合该区客观实际,绿色水价模型体现了区域水资源禀赋,反映了经济社会发展及生态环境等对水资源的需求。     

基于生态服务价值的多目标水源地土地利用结构优化

为探讨首都水源地最佳水土资源优化配置模式,选取北京山区怀柔水库流域为研究对象,基于研究区5期(1990、1995、2000、2005 和2008)卫星遥感影像数据,分析了怀柔水库流域1990~2008年间土地利用时空变化特征,并基于生态服务价值理论、灰参数线性规划理论和CLUE-S模型对怀柔水库流域土地利用进行空间优化配置模式研究.结果表明:现有土地利用结构在优化配置后流域生态系统服务功能价值较2008年增加1795.4万元,增幅5.4%.其中,流域涵养水源功能价值量增加最多,为560.9万元,净化大气的价值增长幅度最大,增长率达到9.3%.研究结果可为该区域水土地资源的可持续利用、开发和管理提供科学依据.     

产品碳足迹评价中不确定度与敏感度相结合的数据质量分析

产品碳足迹评价中,数据种类、来源、获取途径和量化方法的选择不同将直接影响到评价结果的可靠与否.本文建立了结合敏感度和DQI-Monte Carlo不确定度分析的产品碳足迹评价数据质量分析模型.首先通过敏感度分析识别出产品碳足迹评价中的主要数据,再采用DQI-Monte Carlo不确定度分析方法对主要数据进行数据质量判定,甄选出影响评价结果可靠性的关键数据,并由此有针对性地提出数据质量改进意见,从而有效地优化数据收集方案,减少碳足迹评价结果的不确定度.建立的方法应用于我国某塑料软包装印刷企业的印刷前阶段碳足迹评价中.     

Villains,victims, and heroes: Accounting for the roles human activity plays in LOPA scenarios

When a team is analyzing a LOPA scenario, the team needs to consider all three roles played by human interaction in the scenario: that of cause, as a result of human error; that of receptor, both in terms of safety impacts (inside the fence line) and community impacts (outside the fence line); and that of independent layer of protection (IPL), considering both administrative controls and human responses. Frequently, the nature of these three roles are inter-related, and setting guidance that is internally consistent is important to using LOPA to assess risk rather than as a means to game the analyses to simply achieve a wished-for result.A number of criteria have been proposed to quantify human involvement, typically as cause, as receptor, or as IPL. Establishing a framework to look at all three in a unified way is more likely to result in analyses that are consistent from scenario to scenario.This paper describes such a framework and presents it in a way that allows organizations to review their own criteria for quantifying human involvement in LOPA. It also examines some of the published LOPA criteria for human involvement and looks at them in terms of consistency of approach between evaluation of cause, receptor, and IPL. Finally the paper makes suggestions to use in calibrating LOPA methodologies to achieve consistent and believable results in terms of human interaction within and between scenarios that have worked for other organizations.     

Requirements for improved process hazard analysis (PHA) methods

In order to develop better process hazard analysis (PHA) approaches, weaknesses in current approaches first must be identified and understood. Criteria can then be developed that new and improved approaches must meet. Current PHA methods share common weaknesses such as their inability specifically to address multiple failures, their identification of worst-consequence rather than worst-risk scenarios, and their focus on individual parts of a process. There has been no comprehensive analysis of these systemic weaknesses in the literature. Weaknesses are identified and described in this paper to assist in the development of improved approaches. Knowledge of the weaknesses also allows PHA teams to compensate for them to the extent possible when performing studies.Key criteria to guide the development of improved methods are proposed and discussed. These criteria include a structure that facilitates meaningful brainstorming of scenarios, ease of understanding and application of the method by participants, ability to identify scenarios efficiently, completeness of scenario identification, exclusion of extraneous scenarios, ease of updating and revalidating studies, and ease of meeting regulatory requirements. Some proposals are made for moving forward with the development of improved methods including the semi-automation of studies and improvements in the training of team members.     

Targeting for optimal grid-wide deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) techniques are considered as one of the promising approaches to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuel based power generation, which still accounts for a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions in the world. CCS technology can be used to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, with the additional advantage that it allows continuing use reliable and inexpensive fossil fuels. However, CCS retrofit entails major capital costs as well as a reduction of overall thermal efficiency and power output. Thus, it is essential for planning purposes to implement the minimal extent of CCS retrofit while meeting the specified carbon emission limits for the power sector. At the same time, it is necessary to plan for compensatory power generation capacity to offset energy losses resulting from CCS retrofit. In this paper, an algebraic targeting technique is presented for planning of grid-wide CCS retrofits in the power generation sector with compensatory power. The targeting technique is developed based on pinch analysis. In addition, the proposed methodologies are illustrated through case studies based on grid data in India and the Philippines. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to determine the suitable CCS technology and compensatory power source which satisfy emission limits.