Environmental politics in post-World War II America

America has always had to confront environmental problems, but it wasn't until after World War II that most Americans began to develop the kind of consciousness about environmental issues that has played such a role in domestic politics over the past quarter century. After the surge of post war growth, we began to recognize the limits of our ability to exploit our environment for private gain, thus creating environmental awareness and ultimately a political movement. In 1970, President Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency, and appointed William Ruckelshaus as Director. Ruckelshaus was succeeded by Russell Train and Douglas Coste, and all three men began to make serious headway in the effort to clean up the nation's environment. In 1980, however, President Ronald Reagan, taking an anti-Federal government involvement in the private sector stance, began to seriously cut the budget of the EPA. He appointed Ann Gorsuch, who cut the budget as she believed the President wished, but her poor relationship with the Congress eventually forced her to resign. President Reagan requested that Bill Ruckelshaus return, and EPA has been blessed with good leadership ever since. During the Bush years, EPA director William Reilly even managed to pass sweeping acid rain control legislation. When Bill Clinton was elected President in 1992, he did not possess a strong environmental record, however his running mate, Al Gore, most certainly did. EPA administrator Carole Browner, in fact, was a former Gore staffer and the White House environmental office is led by former Gore people. Clinton and Gore have attempted to bring a degree of flexibility to environmental regulation, and have also involved themselves personally in resolving environmental disputes. For instance, they and Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbit worked to fashion a long-term plan for the Florida Everglades that helped warring groups and interests come to consensus. With the 1994 Republican victory in the Congressional elections, it appeared that the environment may once again be in danger, as the Contract with America pledged to reduce or eliminate environmental controls. Popular opinion, however, caused the Congress to change their views and even directed them to pass environmental legislation that has won the support of both the business and environmental protection sectors. These developments have displayed that Americans care deeply about the environment and provide the basis for a genuine bipartisan consensus on environmental issues which will increasingly emphasize thoughtful and effective technological solutions in the future. Although the benefits of this legislation have been drastic, we are now dealing with problems requiring more subtle and sophisticated answers than we needed in the past. Because of this, political leaders will look to the classrooms and laboratories to produce the answers to the environmental problems of the future, and in turn will be willing to support educators and researchers with resources and political clout. Neither the politicians nor the business community can solve these problems without a close working relationship with the world of environmental and biotechnology. Building that collaborative relationship is one of the most important challenges we face as we approach the 21st century. It is also, particularly for those of us who have been laboring in the environmental vineyard for years, one of the most exciting.     

美国环境法上的民众诉讼制度及其启示

民众诉讼制度作为自力救济措施是美国环境保护法律制度的特色之一。该制度赋予民众借助法院的权力，监督行政机关执行环境保护法律以达到加强执法或消除污染，改善环境的目的。研究该制度对我国加强环境保护法律的执行、提高公众的环境保护意识具有一定的作用。     

南京青奥期间空气质量保障措施及绩效研究

根据青奥期间管控措施落实情况来评估污染物减排情况,根据环境监测资料对比分析青奥期间空气质量改善成效。结果表明:南京青奥会主要面临的环境空气问题是O3与PM2.5污染威胁;青奥期间实施的工业、交通、扬尘污染管控以及区域联防联控等措施,使得各污染物排放下降20%以上;青奥期间降水较多的气象条件也有利于污染物扩散;青奥期间空气质量总体优良,8月份全市SO2、NO2、PM10、PM2.5、CO与O38h等污染物浓度环比7月分别下降18.8%、15%、37%、35.4%、7.1%与50.4%;最后总结了青奥会空气质量保障成功的经验,并提出了后青奥时期空气质量管理的建议。     

发展草原休闲旅游保护草原生态环境

发展草原休闲旅游,可以在减少草原的牲畜饲养量的同时,保证和增加牧民的收入,从而减少过度放牧对草原的破坏,防止草原退化,保护草原生态环境。     

日本公害治理及赔偿的历程、经验及对中国的启示

日本在其经济起飞期,曾经是全球公害最严重的国家,世界八大公害事件有一半发生在日本,随之带来的公害病祸及千家万户。日本在公害应对及相关赔偿上是道路甚曲折、结果可称道：1970年后日本再也没有发生严重的公害事件,但相关赔偿事宜一直到2013年才基本结束。可将其经验总结为五方面：立法规范、绿色发展;科学认定;公众参与;多措并举;多方筹资。这些经验应用到中国,应注意实现形式的差别,弥补我国在上位法制定、非政府组织介入、多渠道筹资等方面的制度短板,加大摸清底数等工作力度,并根据风险管理原理使相关部门的举措联动配合。     

HAZOP和LOPA集成风险评估技术研究

介绍和总结了危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP)、保护层分析(LOPA)两种方法的特点和它们之间的关系。对于HAZOP分析识别出来的重大事故场景,进一步采取半定量的LOPA分析方法加以补充和完善,确定装置设置的保护层是否足够。最后以加氢反应进料加热炉为例,说明通过两种分析方法数据和信息的共享,提高石油化工企业风险评估的客观性和准确性。     

河南环境问题城乡差异的对比研究

消费、教育、医疗等方面的城乡差异一直是社会各界关注的问题,然而,日益突出的城乡环境差异却没有引起足够的重视。河南作为农业大省,其城乡环境差异的表现更具代表性,本文通过对河南省城乡环境压力指标、环境状态指标以及环境保护工作等方面的差异的具体特征和表现形式进行深入的对比分析,发掘出导致城乡二元环境差别产生的认识上、理论上及组织工作上的深层次的问题及原因,为进一步推动和实现城乡环境一体化以及新农村建设提供理论支持。     

促进我国环保产业发展的实证研究——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

基于2010年《中国投入产出表》,结合环保产业统计调查,构建环保产业外部化投入产出表,采用投入产出局部闭模型定量研究水污染防治行动计划对环保产业的促进作用,并对拉动效应的时滞特性进行分析。研究发现:行动计划的实施将直接带动水污染防治专业设备制造、环境监测专用仪器设备、环境咨询服务等相关领域发展,对环保产品和环保服务的直接贡献为1.4万亿,间接贡献约5 000亿。拉动效应的时滞特性分析表明,行动计划投资对环保产业的刺激效应在2017年达到高峰,然后逐年递减。     

草原生态补偿:减畜和补偿的对等关系

中国草原生态补偿是通过补助和奖励的政策手段达到减畜和草畜平衡的政策目标,最终使牧民收入不减少的条件下草原退化得到减缓。论文首先从理论上提出一个分析草原生态补偿减畜和补偿对等关系的框架,然后以内蒙古四子王旗查干补力格苏木为例,对草原生态补偿减畜和补偿的对等关系进行了实证分析。实证分析结果表明:因为超载情况存在空间异质性和牧户差异性,实际的超载率较统计的超载率被低估了。补偿在区域总量上是不足够的,维持区域总量补偿足够的草畜平衡奖励标准应为28.5元/hm2。减畜和补偿存在严重的不对等关系,47.9%的资金给了那些不需要减畜的牧户,减畜比例0%;5.5%的资金给了那些需要减畜也愿意减畜的牧户,减畜比例1.2%;46.6%的资金给了那些需要减畜但只愿意部分减畜的牧户,减畜比例98.8%。预期能够实现的减畜比例仅为8.3%,由于牧户超载程度存在显著的差异,预期能够实现的减畜比例对草畜平衡奖励标准和每羊单位损失均不敏感。为了达到草原生态保护的目的,保障减畜的有效达成,应该将超载程度纳入草畜平衡奖励的政策设计中。中小牧户是草原超载的主体,"将超载程度纳入草畜平衡奖励的政策设计"的真正含义是"将草畜平衡奖励向中小牧户做出适当倾斜"。"超越"草畜平衡奖励,减少中小牧户的数量,扩大牧户的草场经营规模,促进牧区牧户的适度规模经营才是实现草原可持续发展的出路所在。     

Psychosocial drivers of land management behaviour: How threats,norms, and context influence deforestation intentions

Understanding how private landholders make deforestation decisions is of paramount importance for conservation. Behavioural frameworks from the social sciences have a lot to offer researchers and practitioners, yet these insights remain underutilised in describing what drives landholders’ deforestation intentions under important political, social, and management contexts. Using survey data of private landholders in Queensland, Australia, we compare the ability of two popular behavioural models to predict future deforestation intentions, and propose a more integrated behavioural model of deforestation intentions. We found that the integrated model outperformed other models, revealing the importance of threat perceptions, attitudes, and social norms for predicting landholders’ deforestation intentions. Social capital, policy uncertainty, and years of experience are important contextual moderators of these psychological factors. We conclude with recommendations for promoting behaviour change in this deforestation hotspot and highlight how others can adopt similar approaches to illuminate more proximate drivers of environmental behaviours in other contexts.Supplementary informationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01491-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.