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71.
Bentrup G 《Environmental management》2001,27(5):739-748
Collaborative planning processes have become increasingly popular for addressing environmental planning issues, resulting
in a number of conceptual models for collaboration. A model proposed by Selin and Chavez suggests that collaboration emerges
from a series of antecedents and then proceeds sequentially through problem-setting, direction-setting, implementation, and
monitoring and evaluation phases. This paper summarizes an empirical study to evaluate if the Selin and Chavez model encompasses
the range of factors important for the establishment and operation of collaboration in watershed planning from the perspective
of the planning coordinator. Analysis of three case studies of watershed based planning efforts in the Intermountain West
suggests the model realistically describes some of the fundamental collaborative elements in watershed planning. Particularly
important factors include the involvement of stakeholders in data collection and analysis and the establishment of measurable
objectives. Informal face-to-face dialog and watershed field tours were considered critical for identifying issues and establishing
trust among stakeholders. Group organizational structure also seems to play a key role in facilitating collaboration. From
this analysis, suggestions for refining the model are proposed. 相似文献
72.
Benefits-based management seeks to provide recreation benefits for recreation participants by managing the physical environments
in which recreation occurs. This study investigates the relationship between benefits desired by visitors and the physical,
social, and managerial characteristics of settings that facilitate realization of recreation benefits. Data such as perceived
benefits from recreation experiences, setting attributes that significantly influenced perceived benefits, and sociodemographic
variables were collected from 376 visitors to Sorak-san National Park in the eastern part of the Korean peninsula. Cluster
analysis was used to group visitors' desired benefits into 12 domains: relationship with nature/scenery, escaping pressure,
learning about nature, family togetherness, introspection, exploration, autonomy/achievement, being with friends, leading
others, skills/learning, risk taking, and meeting/observing new people. Multiple regression was used to link benefit domains
with the characteristics of settings. The social attribute of recreation settings was linked to eight of the ten benefit domains.
There were two statistically strong multiple regression correlations: (1) between domain of “relationship with nature /scenery”
and the attributes “forest/water,”“attractive nature,” and “facility/maintenance” and (2) between the domain of “escaping
pressure” and the attributes “attractive nature” and “social.” The results of this study are useful to managers in their efforts
to provide recreation opportunities for visitors to achieve beneficial outcomes. 相似文献
73.
Inhaber H 《Environmental management》2001,28(4):505-517
The Nevada Test Site (NTS), north of Las Vegas, was the scene of hundreds of nuclear weapons tests over four decades, both
above- and belowground. There is considerable interest, both in neighboring communities and elsewhere, in the risks it poses.
Overall, the greatest risks are nonradioactive in origin, with occupational risks to employees and accident risks in transporting
low-level nuclear wastes to the NTS from other Department of Energy (DOE) sites ranking highest. For radiation risks, that
to workers handling radioactive materials is much higher than that to the surrounding population, either present or future.
Overall, annual risks are small, with all fatalities approximately 0.008% of total Nevada deaths. At the NTS, the government
spends about 5000 times more on radiation as opposed to nonradiation deaths. This suggests that at least some resources may
be misallocated towards cleanup of public risks and that the occupational risk of cleanup may be much higher than the public
risk. Thus risk may be multiplied by well-meaning programs. 相似文献
74.
/ Surveys focusing on solid-waste-related issues, conducted over a period of several years, provided data from independent samples of residents of a Midwestern, USA, community. The collection of these data yielded useful information about the relationship between residents' recycling motives and their attitudes toward solid waste management in light of several changes in the solid waste infrastructure of the community over that time. The initial survey assessed baseline beliefs and attitudes, while later surveys were conducted after the implementation of a community educational program and a curbside recycling program. The findings indicated that for recyclers and nonrecyclers, different motives predicted endorsement of solid waste programs and policies. Although a similar percentage of recyclers and nonrecyclers were in support of various proposed programs and policies, concern for the environment was found to be positively related to nonrecyclers' support of proposed programs, particularly before these programs were implemented. Prior to program implementation, motives other than environmental altruism were found to be related to recyclers' support of the programs. Additional findings support the idea that educational programs and increased accessibility to recycling opportunities affect the relationship between people's attitudes toward solid waste management and their recycling motives. 相似文献
75.
Annika Porsborg Nielsen Jesper Lassen Peter Sandøe 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):13-35
Over recent decades, public participation in technology assessment has spread internationally as an attempt to overcome or
prevent societal conflicts over controversial technologies. One outcome of this new surge in public consultation initiatives
has been the increased use of participatory consensus conferences in a number of countries. Existing evaluations of consensus
conferences tend to focus on the modes of organization, as well as the outcomes, both procedural and substantial, of the conferences
they examine. Such evaluations seem to rest on the assumption that this type of procedure has universally agreed goals and
meanings, and that therefore consensus conferences can readily be interpreted and applied across national boundaries. This
article challenges this approach to consensus conferences. The core of the article is a study of national differences in ideas
about what constitutes legitimate goals for participatory arrangements. The study looks at three consensus conferences on
GMOs, which took place in France, Norway, and Denmark. Drawing on this study, the article discusses the ways in which interpretations
of the concept of participation; the value attributed to lay knowledge vs. technical expertise; as well as ideas about the
role of the layperson, are all questions that prompt entirely different answers from country to country. Further, the article
analyses these national differences within a theoretical framework of notions of democratic legitimacy. 相似文献
76.
Walter J. Maier Jeffrey DeZellar Raina M. Miller 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1981,17(4):672-677
: Substantial reductions in municipal water use are feasible without reducing the quality of life. If conservation measures are preplanned, properly engineered, and coordinated, reductions in utility bills for water, waste water, and energy are estimated at $30+per person per year. Installation of devices to reduce water use, engineering plans to prevent malfunctioning of collecting sewers, and engineered process modifications of treatment facilities must be coordinated to achieve full benefits of water conservation. Pollutant discharges to the aquatic environment are reduced in direct proportion to the reduction in water use. 相似文献
77.
This study estimates efficient nitrogen load reductions to the Stockholm archipelago, a Swedish coastal zone in the Baltic
Sea, and compares these with politically determined and implemented nitrogen abatement programs. The region is relatively
well equipped with necessary data, and a simple programming model is constructed. The results show a large divergence in efficient
nitrogen reductions, mainly due to the divergences in benefit estimates from water quality improvements in the archipelago.
However, the results need to be interpreted with caution due to all uncertainties related to predicting net values from changes
in nitrogen load to a coastal zone. In spite of this, it is still of policy relevance to infer results which show that the
politically determined target coincides with an efficient nitrogen reduction at relatively low benefit estimate, but that
actual net benefits could be increased from a reallocation of abatement measures towards more low cost measures. 相似文献
78.
Coastal flooding affects physical and social place attachments. Values-based approaches to climate change adaptation examine how risks to place attachments are distributed within and among communities, with a view to informing equitable adaptation policies. In this nascent body of research, divergent theoretical frameworks and empirical approaches to measuring social values are evolving. While some studies explore the things people value about their everyday lives generally—the lived values approach, others locate specific social and cultural values in geographic space—the landscape values mapping approach. This study aims to compare the explanatory value of these two approaches for understanding the social risks of sea-level rise, and appraise whether either or both approaches are likely to meet local adaptation planning needs. It does this by examining the potential social impacts of sea-level rise in Kingston Beach, Australia, informed by a mail-out survey of the community. The lived values approach identified that the natural environment, scenery, relaxed lifestyle and safety are highly important to local residents, while the landscape values mapping approach revealed that Kingston Main Beach is the most highly valued of eight coastal landscape units. Incorporating the landscape values mapping into the lived values cluster analysis revealed that while Kingston Main Beach is highly important for its recreational value to some members of the community, for others manmade features such as community halls or sports ovals may be of higher importance because they facilitate social interactions. There is potential to further integrate these two approaches to better inform adaptation policy about how lived and landscape values are distributed among communities, where they are located in space and whether they change over time. A deeper understanding of such assigned values can lead to improved engagement with coastal residents to inform adaptation policy now and into the future. 相似文献
79.
This Φ Ψ study of environmental equity uses secondary quantitative data to analyze socioeconomic disparities in environmental
conditions in the Rijnmond region of the Netherlands. The disparities of selected environmental indicators—exposure to traffic
noise (road, rail, and air), NO2, external safety risks, and the availability of public green space—are analyzed both separately and in combination. Not only
exposures to environmental burdens (“bads”) were investigated, but also access to environmental benefits (“goods”). Additionally,
we held interviews and reviewed documents to grasp the mechanisms underlying the environmental equity situation, with an emphasis
on the role of public policy. Environmental equity is not a priority in public policy for the greater Rotterdam region known
as the Rijnmond region, yet environmental standards have been established to provide a minimum environmental quality to all
local residents. In general, environmental quality has improved in this region, and the accumulation of negative environmental
outcomes (“bads”) has been limited. However, environmental standards for road traffic noise and NO2 are being exceeded, probably because of the pressure on space and the traffic intensity. We found an association of environmental
“bads” with income for rail traffic noise and availability of public green space. In the absence of regulation, positive environmental
outcomes (“goods”) are mainly left up to market forces. Consequently, higher-income groups generally have more access to environmental
“goods” than lower-income groups. 相似文献
80.
An Interpretive Study of Yosemite National Park Visitors’ Perspectives Toward Alternative Transportation in Yosemite Valley 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
White DD 《Environmental management》2007,39(1):50-62
The National Park Service (NPS) is increasingly focusing on alternative transportation systems in national parks to address
environmental and social problems arising from a historical reliance on personal automobiles as the primary means of visitor
access. Despite the potential advantages, alternative transportation may require a reorientation in the way that Americans
have experienced national parks since the advent of auto-tourism in the early twentieth century. Little research exists, however,
on visitor perspectives towards alternative transportation or the rationale underlying their perspectives. It remains unclear
how transportation systems affect visitors’ experiences of the park landscape or the factors influencing their travel behavior
in the parks. This report presents an interpretive study of visitor perspectives toward transportation management in the Yosemite
Valley area of Yosemite National Park, California. Qualitative analysis of 160 semi-structured interviews identified individual
psychological factors as well as situational influences that affect visitors’ behavior and perspectives. Individual psychological
factors include perceived freedom, environmental values and beliefs, prior experience with Yosemite National Park and other
national parks, prior experience with alternative transportation in national parks, and sensitivity to subjective perceptions
of crowding. Situational factors included convenience, access, and flexibility of travel modes, as well as type of visit,
type of group, and park use level. Interpretive communication designed to encourage voluntary visitor use of alternative transportation
should focus on these psychological and situational factors. Although challenges remain, the results of this study suggest
approaches for shaping the way Americans visit and experience their national parks to encourage environmental sustainability. 相似文献