Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a fixed-bed reactor: Production and characterization of bio-oil and bio-char

Several animal (lamb, poultry and swine) fatty wastes were pyrolyzed under nitrogen, in a laboratory scale fixed-bed reactor and the main products (liquid bio-oil, solid bio-char and syngas) were obtained. The purpose of this study is to produce and characterize bio-oil and bio-char obtained from pyrolysis of animal fatty wastes. The maximum production of bio-oil was achieved at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C and a heating rate of 5 °C/min. The chemical (GC–MS analyses) and spectroscopic analyses (FTIR analyses) of bio-oil showed that it is a complex mixture consisting of different classes of organic compounds, i.e., hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, cyclic compounds…etc.), carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters,…etc. According to fuel properties, produced bio-oils showed good properties, suitable for its use as an engine fuel or as a potential source for synthetic fuels and chemical feedstock. Obtained bio-chars had low carbon content and high ash content which make them unattractive for as renewable source energy.     

Hazard property classification of waste according to the recent propositions of the EC using different methods

Hazard classification of waste is a necessity, but the hazard properties (named “H” and soon “HP”) are still not all defined in a practical and operational manner at EU level. Following discussion of subsequent draft proposals from the Commission there is still no final decision. Methods to implement the proposals have recently been proposed: tests methods for physical risks, test batteries for aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicity, an analytical package for exhaustive determination of organic substances and mineral elements, surrogate methods for the speciation of mineral elements in mineral substances in waste, and calculation methods for human toxicity and ecotoxicity with M factors.In this paper the different proposed methods have been applied to a large assortment of solid and liquid wastes (>1 0 0).Data for 45 wastes – documented with extensive chemical analysis and flammability test – were assessed in terms of the different HP criteria and results were compared to LoW for lack of an independent classification. For most waste streams the classification matches with the designation provided in the LoW. This indicates that the criteria used by LoW are similar to the HP limit values.This data set showed HP 14 ‘Ecotoxic chronic’ is the most discriminating HP. All wastes classified as acute ecotoxic are also chronic ecotoxic and the assessment of acute ecotoxicity separately is therefore not needed. The high number of HP 14 classified wastes is due to the very low limit values when stringent M factors are applied to total concentrations (worst case method). With M factor set to 1 the classification method is not sufficiently discriminating between hazardous and non-hazardous materials. The second most frequent hazard is HP 7 ‘Carcinogenic’. The third most frequent hazard is HP 10 ‘Toxic for reproduction’ and the fourth most frequent hazard is HP 4 “Irritant – skin irritation and eye damage”. In a stepwise approach, it seems relevant to assess HP 14 first, then, if the waste is not classified as hazardous, to assess subsequently HP 7, HP 10 and HP 4, and then if still not classified as hazardous, to assess the remaining properties.The elements triggering the HP 14 classification in order of importance are Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd and Hg. Progress in the speciation of Zn and Cu is essential for HP 14. Organics were quantified by the proposed method (AFNOR XP X30-489) and need no speciation. Organics can contribute significantly to intrinsic toxicity in many waste materials, but they are only of minor importance for the assessment of HP 14 as the metal concentrations are the main HP 14 classifiers. Organic compounds are however responsible for other toxicological characteristics (hormone disturbance, genotoxicity, reprotoxicity…) and shall be taken into account when the waste is not HP 14 classified.     

有机质分解对青海湖湖水溶解无机碳同位素（δ13CDIC）的影响及其指示意义——来自沉积物捕获器的研究

青海湖沉积物稳定碳同位素常常被用来指示古环境的变化,然而准确地解译其信号需要充分认识溶解无机碳同位素比值（δ¹³C_DIC）变化及其控制因素。本文利用沉积物捕获器连续一年收集的青海湖湖水及颗粒物,通过其中湖水的δ¹³C_DIC和细颗粒沉积物中碳酸盐稳定碳同位素（δ¹³C_carb）的同步分析,结合湖水δ¹³C_DIC的垂直分布和表层沉积物δ13Ccarb及有机碳同位素（δ¹³C_org）,探讨了有机质分解在δ¹³C_DIC和δ¹³C_carb中的调节作用。结果表明,从沉积物捕获器中获得的湖水δ¹³C_DIC的变化主要受控于与外界隔绝后（微）生物对有机质的分解作用,但这种（微）生物分解作用并不会影响到δ¹³C_carb比值。这些现象反映了（1）还原环境下（微）生物对有机质的分解作用对水体δ¹³C_DIC有重要影响和（2）青海湖自生碳酸盐主要从上层湖水沉淀,且形成后不再与周围水体发生交换作用。     

青海湖介形虫壳体丰度与氧碳同位素的季节和年际变化及其控制因素——来自沉积物捕获器的研究

介形类对其生活的水体环境极其敏感,其壳体的物质几乎全部来自水体,因此壳体的化学组成常常用来反演古气候环境,然而对于青海湖介形虫壳体不同组成的控制因素存在诸多争议和不确定性。本文以沉积物捕获器在青海湖于2010年7月至2011年10月期间获得的介形虫样品为研究对象,结合CTD同步监测的湖水环境参数,探讨了青海湖现生的两个种属介形虫（意外湖花介和胖真星介）丰度和氧、碳同位素（δ¹⁸O、δ¹³C）的季节和年际变化特征及各自控制因素。结果表明,意外湖花介壳体的丰度比胖真星介的高一个数量级,但青海湖两种介形虫出现和丰度变化均受湖水温度直接控制。意外湖花介和胖真星介壳体的δ¹⁸O和δ¹³C均存在明显的年际和季节性变化及种属差异,而同步沉淀的自生碳酸盐却有较为均一的δ¹⁸O组成;两个种属介形虫壳体δ¹⁸O的年际差异是夏季水温系统差异的直接表现,而δ¹⁸O的季节性变化并不受控于降水和蒸发（P/E）比率,而可能主要与由高温诱发的大量自生碳酸盐沉淀有关;青海湖介形虫壳体δ¹³C的变化并不是单一因素控制的结果,可能也与湖水温度、自生碳酸盐沉淀等因素有关。本研究提出的自生碳酸盐沉淀对介形虫壳体δ¹⁸O和δ¹³C的控制作用,对于我们认识青海湖介形虫的环境意义及沉积物中介形虫壳体化学组成的古环境信息提取具有重要的启示意义。     

时间序列沉积物捕获器（sediment trap）及其在青海湖的放置

沉积物捕获器在认识现代沉积过程方面具有独特的优势,已在海洋和国外一些大湖的研究中得到了成功的应用,但相关的工作在我国湖泊研究中尚未开展。Mark 8-13型时间序列沉积物捕获器是用来连续收集水体沉降颗粒物的仪器,可以获得沉积物输入通量和季节性变率。本文在介绍了该类型沉积物捕获器的设计、工作原理、投放和回收等基本知识的基础上,阐明了我们选择青海湖作为放置沉积物捕获器的理由和科学意义。在本专题的五篇论文中,我们展示了在青海湖放置的沉积物捕获器于2010年7月至2012年9月期间收集的沉积物和湖水样品的研究结果和同步的实时监测数据。通过在青海湖两年多的试验性地放置以及初步的结果,我们建议在我国典型内陆不同位置的湖泊等水体长期地放置这类沉积物捕获器,将为湖泊等水体系统的现代沉积和生物过程的深入理解提供全新的视角。     

蚂蚁扰动对青海湖北岸高寒草甸草原群落结构影响

蚂蚁的筑丘活动是草地生态系统中不可忽视的生物干扰因子。本文针对青海湖北岸高 寒草甸草原,调查了不同大小的蚁丘及其周围对照草地的土壤理化性质和植被状况。结果表明： 蚂蚁筑丘活动显著地降低了土壤容重和土壤湿度,增加土壤温度,但对土壤pH 值的影响较小。 蚂蚁扰动改变了群落组成,增加了大部分禾本科和豆科物种的重要值而降低了杂类草的重要值。 以莎草科的矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）和禾本科的异针茅（Stipa aliena Keng）、赖草（Leymus secalinus）、溚草（Koeleria cristata）等为主的群落逐步演替为以禾本科的异针茅和赖草为主的 群落。植物群落的盖度降低但其地上、地下生物量增加;植物群落丰富度指数降低但均匀度指 数增加。     

Ionic dye adsorption by zinc oxide nanoparticles

The adsorption behaviour of Basic Red 12, Acid Orange 7 and Acid Blue 1 on zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) has been investigated to understand the physicochemical process involved and to explore the possible use of nanoparticles in the treatment and management of textile waste matter. The dye removal capacity of ZNP towards Basic Red 12, Acid Orange 7 and Acid Blue 1 was found to be 15.64, 6.78 and 6.38 mg g^?1, respectively. The adsorption process was pH dependent and optimum pH values of 9.0, 2.0 and 4.0 were obtained for Basic Red 12, Acid Orange 7 and Acid Blue 1, respectively. Equilibrium was established after 1.0 h for all dyes. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were applied to the system. The adsorbent ZNP was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. SEM analysis revealed the noticeable nanoporous morphology of the material. The results of FTIR spectroscopy showed that the process is driven by an electrostatic complexation mechanism. XRD studies revealed the nanocrystalline structure of ZNP. BET surface area measurement suggested a high pore volume and large surface area for the adsorbent. The kinetic measurements suggested pseudo-second-order kinetic processes with high regression coefficients and smaller standard error of estimate values and lower residual sum of squares. The thermodynamic measurements suggested that all processes were exothermic and accompanied by negative values for Δ G⁰, Δ S⁰ and Δ H⁰.     

青海沟后水库垮坝的防疫措施

运用预防医学手段减少疾病，维护灾民身体健康，是抗洪救灾的重要内容。本文结合沟后水库垮坝后采取的对策来概述洪涝灾害的卫生防疫措施，供有关部门参考。     

青藏铁路列车运行控制系统的安全性分析

分析了青藏铁路中多种不利因素对轨道电路参数的影响 ;提出了在青藏铁路不宜采用现行基于轨道电路的列车运行控制系统 ,而应选择基于通信的列车运行控制系统的理由 ;给出了系统的基本结构及提高系统可靠性的措施 ;与此同时 ,就人们关心的无线传输列车控制数据的可靠性和安全性难题 ,通过建立马尔可夫模型的方法进行了分析     

Thermal and hydrometallurgical recovery methods of heavy metals from municipal solid waste fly ash

Heavy metals in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators are present in high concentrations. Therefore fly ash must be treated as a hazardous material. On the other hand, it may be a potential source of heavy metals. Zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper can be relatively easily removed during the thermal treatment of fly ash, e.g. in the form of chlorides. In return, wet extraction methods could provide promising results for these elements including chromium and nickel. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare thermal and hydrometallurgical treatment of municipal solid waste fly ash. Thermal treatment of fly ash was performed in a rotary reactor at temperatures between 950 and 1050 °C and in a muffle oven at temperatures from 500 to 1200 °C. The removal more than 90% was reached by easy volatile heavy metals such as cadmium and lead and also by copper, however at higher temperature in the muffle oven. The alkaline (sodium hydroxide) and acid (sulphuric acid) leaching of the fly ash was carried out while the influence of temperature, time, concentration, and liquid/solid ratio were investigated. The combination of alkaline-acidic leaching enhanced the removal of, namely, zinc, chromium and nickel.