Current State of the Altai Glaciers (Russia) and Trends Over the Period of Instrumental Observations 1952–2008

Results of research into climate and glacier dynamics in the Altai Mountains (Russia) over the period of instrumental observations (1952–2008) are presented in this article. About 1030 glaciers with a total area of 805 km² and volume of 42.5 km³ have been recorded in the Altai Region. The average summer air temperature in different regions of the Altai has increased during the study period from about 0.2°C (Aktru) to 1.1°C (Akkem). The annual atmospheric precipitation rate has also increased, by 8–10%. Since 1952, the glacier area in different regions of the Altai has decreased by 9–27%, and volume by 12–24%. By 2008, as a result of degradation, the total number of glaciers was 953 with an area of 724 km² and volume of 38 km³.     

Mercury accumulation in the surface layers of mountain soils: a case study from the Karkonosze Mountains, Poland

The study was aimed to examine total concentrations and pools of Hg in surface layers of soils in the Karkonosze Mountains, dependent on soil properties and site locality. Soil samples were collected from a litter layer and the layers 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, at 68 sites belonging to the net of a monitoring system, in two separate areas, and in three altitudinal zones: below 900 m, 900-1100 m, and over 1100 m. Air-borne pollution was the major source of mercury in soils. Hg has accumulated mainly in the litter (where its concentrations were the highest), and in the layer 0-10 cm. Hg concentrations in all samples were in the range 0.04-0.97 mg kg⁻¹, with mean values 0.38, 0.28, and 0.14 mg kg⁻¹ for litter and the layers 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, respectively. The highest Hg concentrations in the litter layer were found in the intermediate altitudinal zone, whereas Hg concentrations in the layer 0-10 cm increased with increasing altitude. Soil quality standard for protected areas (0.50 mg kg⁻¹) was exceeded in a few sites. The pools of Hg accumulated in soils were in the range: 0.8-84.8 mg m⁻², with a mean value of 16.5 mg m⁻², and they correlated strongly with the pools of stored organic matter.     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Evaluation for sustainable land use in mountain areas of Northwestern Yunnan Province, China

As an important component of sustainable development in mountain areas, evaluation for sustainable land use is always one of the hotpots of researches on sustainable development. Traditional evaluation for sustainable land use mainly focuses on the sustainability of land use model and biological production on temporal scale, and overlooks the effects of land use patterns on the sustainability, while landscape ecology can be a good help to realize the spatial analysis of sustainable land use. In this study, a synthetic evaluation indexes system for sustainable land use was constructed through the application of landscape metrics. Taking Yongsheng County of Yunnan Province, China as a case study, a series of quantitative evaluation were conducted in 1996, 1999 and 2001, to monitor the temporal dynamics of regional land use sustainability. Two indicators, contributing amount of indexes, and obstacle amount of indexes, were also set up to ascertain the significance of all the evaluation indexes to the evaluation results. The results showed that, in the study phases, the land use sustainability of the whole county had been low with a stable but great spatial difference, and great changes took place in regional land use system in 1999 with the deviation from the aim of sustainable land use. It also showed that, the most important indexes contributing for the land use sustainability in the study period, were the indexes of population density and land use degree, followed by the index of landscape diversity and cropping index. And the most important indexes counteracting the land use sustainability were the indexes of per unit area total production value of industry and agriculture, per unit area yield of cereal crops, landscape fragmentation, followed by the indexes of per unit area yield of economic crops and fertilizer consume per unit area.     

论长白山自然保护区的综合功能效应

自然保护区除了具有保护自然环境和自然资源的功能,还具有开展科学研究、资源持续利用示范、开展宣传教育等多方面的功能效应。本文针对长白山国家级自然保护区的管理目标,阐述了该保护区为实现管理目标而进行的功能区划分,进而揭示了该保护区在现有功能区划分的基础上所发挥出的综合功能效应,可为全国同类自然保护区的管理提供借鉴     

大别山区生境质量时空特征及自然-人为因素驱动机制

大别山区是中国南北地理生态过渡带东延余脉,山地系统表现出高度的异质性和敏感易变性,识别山地生境质量的空间特征对揭示自然和人为因素的时空驱动机制及差异具有重要指示意义.基于PLUS-InVEST以及地理探测器方法,分析大别山区2000~2020年生境质量的时空动态变化及驱动机制,并对2030年土地利用和生境质量进行多情景模拟预测.2000~2020年,区内土地利用类型以耕地（50%~54%）和林地（42%~45%）为主,荒地（2%~4%）面积占比最低,大别山区耕地变化最大,面积减少2 311.45 km²,林地和建设用地次之,面积分别增加1 431.37 km²和924.52 km²,灌木和荒地的变化较小,面积分别减少7.72 km²和19.10 km²;大别山区的生境质量与海拔高度呈正相关,中东部生境质量较高,北部和南部生境质量较差;2000~2010年生境质量均值从0.594上升到0.608,到2020年下降到0.603,生境质量出现了先上升后下降的趋势.地理探测器结果表明,影响大别山区生境质量的主要驱动因素是地形起伏度、土地利用强度和海拔,NDVI的影响随着时间逐渐增强.2030年生境质量的预测结果显示,4种发展情景下,区域内整体生境质量仍然呈现下降的趋势,并且在生态保护情景下,依旧呈现降低的趋势,只是降低的速率减小.研究结果可为大别山区未来土地利用类型空间规划提供优化策略.     

太岳山不同林龄人工油松林土壤微生物特征

油松（Pinus tabuliformis Carr.）具有保土保肥和改善水土流失的作用,是黄土高原地区植被恢复中广泛使用的树种.为了探究土壤微生物多样性和群落结构对人工油松林演替的响应及其环境因子驱动机制,以太岳山脉潘家山10、20和30 a人工油松林土壤为研究对象,基于野外采样、室内理化分析和高通量测序等手段,分析不同林龄表层和亚表层土壤微生物群落结构、多样性及其与土壤理化性质之间的关系.结果表明：(1)30 a的人工油松林演替显著改变了土壤养分状况. SOM、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、AP和AK均随演替的进行显著升高;TP和TK含量随演替年限逐渐降低.(2)不同林龄油松林土壤真菌的优势门为子囊菌门、担子菌门和被孢菌门,细菌的优势门为放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门.(3)油松林土壤微生物中细菌占绝对优势,真菌和细菌拷贝数随林龄增加均显著增加,30 a油松林土壤真菌拷贝数和细菌拷贝数分别是10 a油松林的6.61倍和2.55倍.(4)随着林龄增加,土壤真菌多样性显著下降.属水平上,子囊菌门中青霉菌属相对丰度大幅下降,达21.07%,担子菌门中红菇属相对丰度...     

阿尔金山国家级自然保护区人为活动的影响简析

通过对阿尔金山国家级自然保护区生态环境现状的调查,分析了保护区内偷猎、采金以及过度放牧等人为活动对保护区生态环境退化的影响,并提出了解决问题的建议。     

太岳山油松人工林土壤呼吸对抚育强度的响应

为了解不同抚育强度下土壤呼吸速率的差异及土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸速率的影响,利用LI-8100土壤CO2排放通量全自动测量系统测定山西太岳山油松人工林不同强度抚育后土壤呼吸速率,同时测量土壤表层10 cm处的温度和湿度.4块油松人工林样地的抚育强度分别为20%、30%、40%和50%,对4块抚育样地及1块对照样地进行3种处理:切根去凋、去凋和对照.结果表明:切根去凋处理条件下抚育样地与对照样地土壤呼吸速率无显著差异(P>0.05);去凋处理条件下抚育样地与对照样地土壤呼吸速率呈显著差异(P<0.01),抚育强度为20%、30%和40%样地6、7月的土壤呼吸速率显著高于对照样地(P<0.01);对照处理条件下,抚育样地与对照样地土壤呼吸速率呈显著差异(P<0.01),抚育强度为30%和40%样地6、7、8月的土壤呼吸速率显著高于对照样地(P<0.01).土壤温度和湿度与土壤呼吸速率显著相关(P<0.01),且共同解释了土壤呼吸速率变化的30%～74%,是影响土壤呼吸速率变化的重要环境因子.     

天龙山珍稀植物丽豆(Calophaca sinica)分布区植物群落物种多样性与土壤因子的关系

采用样方法对太原天龙山珍稀濒危植物丽豆(Calophaca sinica)野生种群的生境和群落特征进行调查,应用TWINSPAN分类分析群落多样性.据TWINSPAN分类,将丽豆分布区的植物群落划分为14个群丛类型,丽豆在群落中具有明显的生态优势,并对群落的结构起一定决定作用.研究结果表明,丽豆分布区植物群落的物种多样性指数变化受自然环境、群落特征和人为干扰的综合影响,光照充足、人为干扰小的群丛类型的物种多样性较为丰富,在以丽豆为建群种或优势种的群丛中多样性指数较高,均匀度指数也较大.在丽豆分布区的9个土壤因子之间有6对因子存在显著和极显著的相关性;多样性指数与土壤因子回归分析表明,锌(Zn)与8个群落物种多样性指数之间有显著或极显著的相关性,钾(K)、磷(P)与6个多样性指数之间显著相关,其他土壤因子与多样性指数的相关性均不显著.     

丽江-玉龙雪山不同区域大气降水化学特征

2008─2009年在丽江-玉龙雪山地区的丽江市区、玉龙雪山冰川公园索道下部站(索道地区)和白水1号冰川区(冰川区)3个采样点采集了113个降水样品,对其pH、电导率和主要离子(Cl-、SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+和NH4+)质量浓度进行了分析.结果表明,所有样品实测pH均高于5.6.3个采样点ρ(总离子)平均值为丽江市区>索道地区>冰川区,其中ρ(SO4 2-)和ρ(Ca2+)均最高.丽江市区季风前后各离子质量浓度变化显著,其中海盐离子质量浓度〔ρ(Na+)和ρ(Cl-)〕从季风前期到季风期变化不大,在季风后期增加;ρ(NO3-)、ρ(SO42-)、ρ(NH4+)、ρ(Ca2+)、ρ(K+)和ρ(Mg2+)在季风前期显著高于季风期和季风后期.采用相关分析和主因子分析法对降水中离子来源进行研究,表明SO42-、NO3-和NH4+主要来自局地人类活动的贡献,Na+、K+和Cl-是海洋源贡献,Ca2+和Mg2+主要来源于地表粉尘.