铜、锌和三唑磷对泽蛙蝌蚪的毒性研究

以泽蛙蝌蚪为实验材料,采用联合指数相加法,研究了Cu,Zn和三唑磷对泽蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性及联合毒性效应.结果表明:Cu,Zn和三唑磷对泽蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性顺序为Cu>三唑磷>Zn.Cu对泽蛙蝌蚪24,48和96 h的半致死浓度分别为0.98,0.70和0.43 mg/L;Zn对泽蛙蝌蚪24,48和96 h的半致死浓度分别为60.0,51.0和46.5 mg/L;三唑磷对泽蛙蝌蚪24,48和96 h的半致死浓度分别为5.63,5.47和5.30 mg/L.联合毒性实验结果表明:Cu与Zn的联合毒性为协同作用;Cu与三唑磷的联合毒性为拮抗作用;Zn与三唑磷,Cu与Zn及三唑磷同时共存时的联合毒性,24 h时为拮抗作用,48和96 h时为协同作用.      

Assessing Changes in Amphibian Population Dynamics Following Experimental Manipulations of Introduced Fish

Abstract: Sport‐fish introductions are now recognized as an important cause of amphibian decline, but few researchers have quantified the demographic responses of amphibians to current options in fisheries management designed to minimize effects on sensitive amphibians. Demographic analyses with mark–recapture data allow researchers to assess the relative importance of survival, local recruitment, and migration to changes in population densities. I conducted a 4‐year, replicated whole‐lake experiment in the Klamath Mountains of northern California (U.S.A.) to quantify changes in population density, survival, population growth rate, and recruitment of the Cascades frog (Rana cascadae) in response to manipulations of non‐native fish populations. I compared responses of the frogs in lakes where fish were removed, in lakes in their naturally fish‐free state, and in lakes where fish remained that were either stocked annually or no longer being stocked. Within 3 years of fish removals from 3 lakes, frog densities increased by a factor of 13.6. The survival of young adult frogs increased from 59% to 94%, and realized population growth and recruitment rates at the fish‐removal lakes were more than twice as high as the rates for fish‐free reference lakes and lakes that contained fish. Population growth in the fish‐removal lakes was likely due to better on‐site recruitment of frogs to later life stages rather than increased immigration. The effects on R. cascadae of suspending stocking were ambiguous and suggested no direct benefit to amphibians. With amphibians declining worldwide, these results show that active restoration can slow or reverse the decline of species affected by fish stocking within a short time frame.     

三种蛙血红蛋白氧解离曲线影响因子及与栖境的关系

以滇蛙Ranapleuraden、无指盘臭蛙R.grahami和昭觉林蛙R.chaochiaoensis为研究对象,应用血红蛋白(Hb)氧解离曲线分析方法,探讨在海拔差异程度不明显的情况下3种蛙Hb氧解离曲线的特点,并结合它们栖息小生境的分化,阐述可能影响其Hb氧解离曲线的因素,为进一步研究它们的生态分化提供依据。研究结果表明,3种蛙Hb氧和能力具有稳定的半饱和氧分压(P50)值,其中滇蛙和无指盘臭蛙的P50值种间差异不显著(p>0.05),二者的氧解离曲线几乎重叠;而昭觉林蛙的P50值与另2种蛙的种间差异均显著(p<0.05),它们的氧解离曲线相互明显分离。这3种蛙Hb氧和能力的强弱关系是:滇蛙Hb氧和能力略大于无指盘臭蛙,而远大于昭觉林蛙。导致3个相近种Hb氧和能力变化的原因为:血液的pH值和PCO2是影响Hb氧合能力的主要因素;皮肤的通透性影响Hb氧和能力;不同种类活动方式和栖息小生境的差异,甚至季节变化均影响血液参数的变化。     

Identifying Habitat Variables Important to the Rare Columbia Spotted Frog in Utah (U.S.A.): an Information-Theoretic Approach

Abstract:  We identified habitat associations of the rare Columbia spotted frog (  Rana luteiventris ). We used an information-theoretic approach that encouraged careful consideration of previous studies, demanded a priori formulation of hypotheses and models, and provided interpretable results while avoiding some criticisms of traditional statistical analyses. We formulated hypotheses about habitat associations based on conductivity, emergent vegetation, littoral zone depth, pond hydrology, and water temperature. We modeled hypothesized associations with logistic regression and used Akaike's information criterion to quantify evidence for models, weigh the relative importance of each habitat variable, and select predictive models. Although variable, results suggested that spotted frogs are more likely to occur in ponds that do not shrink in size seasonally, maintain relatively constant seasonal water temperature, and have high emergent vegetation cover. Associations we identified will assist actions in Utah that may be critical to local persistence of spotted frogs. Moreover, this approach for identifying associations has great potential for other rare species.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

辛基酚对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的毒性效应

为评价辛基酚(OP)对中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)蝌蚪的急性毒性,将26期蝌蚪暴露在浓度为5.0×10-7～5.0×10-6mol·L-1OP的水体中进行急性毒性实验.结果显示,蝌蚪的死亡率随着OP浓度的升高和暴露时间的延长而增加,24、48、72、96h的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为3.55×10-6、2.96×10-6、1.90×10-6、1.52×10-6mol·L-1;96h零致死浓度(96hLC0)为9.70×10-7mol·L-1;安全浓度(SC)为1.52×10-7mol·L-1.另外,为探讨SC以下OP对蝌蚪生长发育的影响,将26期蝌蚪连续暴露在1.0×10-7、5.0×10-8、1.0×10-8、1.0×10-9mol·L-1OP的水体中,并设1.0×10-7、1.0×10-8mol·L-1雌二醇(E2)阳性对照及空白对照,直至70%蝌蚪完全变态.在暴露20d、40d和70%蝌蚪完全变态时共3次测量蝌蚪及幼蛙的体长和体重,分别统计70%蝌蚪发育至跗蹠部伸长期、前肢伸出期和完全变态期所需的时间.结果表明,SC以下OP和E2对蝌蚪死亡率的影响不明显,但1.0×10-9～1.0×10-7mol·L-1OP和1.0×10-7、1.0×10-8mol·L-1E2可不同程度地延缓蝌蚪发育时间,降低蝌蚪体长和体重,并导致少数蝌蚪发育畸形.结果说明低浓度OP与E2相似,对蝌蚪生长发育具有抑制作用.     

全氟烷基磺酸盐(PFOS)及其替代品对两栖类胚胎的发育毒性

用非洲爪蟾胚胎致畸实验和黑斑蛙胚胎发育毒性实验,比较研究了PFOS及其4种替代品对两栖动物胚胎的发育毒性。结果发现,用调聚法合成的织物三防整理剂和50%的全氟丁基有机铵盐阳离子表面活性剂同PFOS一样对非洲爪蟾胚胎有明显毒性,且织物三防整理剂和表面活性剂的毒性强于PFOS;电解氟化法合成的C4织物及C6织物三防整理剂(以下简称C4及C6织物三防整理剂)对非洲爪蟾胚胎没有明显毒性。与非洲爪蟾不同,PFOS和4种替代品对黑斑蛙胚胎没有明显毒性。结果显示,从生物安全性的角度分析,C4和C6织物三防整理剂可作为PFOS的替代品使用,而织物三防整理剂和表面活性剂的毒性比PFOS大,作为PFOS替代品使用需要慎重考虑。     

铅暴露对雄性黑斑蛙精子毒性和血清性激素水平的影响

在实验条件下,将健康性成熟雄性黑斑蛙暴露于0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8和1.6 mg·L-1浓度的铅溶液中30d,观察和分析黑斑蛙的精子数量、精子活动度和精子畸形率,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清中睾酮(T)和雌二醇(E2)的水平,以探讨铅对雄性黑斑蛙的生殖内分泌毒性.结果表明,随铅染毒剂量的升高,精子数量下降,精子畸形率呈剂鼍依赖性增加,精子活动率呈剂鼍依赖性降低;随铅染毒剂量的升高,血清中T水平明显下降,E2水平则明显升高,且均呈剂量-效应关系,结果提示,铅对雄性黑斑蛙有明显的生殖毒性,可改变血清睾酮和雌激素水平,干扰生殖内分泌调节平衡.     

Oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in the frog,Rana chensinensis,when exposed to low doses of trichlorfon

Trichlorfon is an organophosphate insecticide that is widely used in aquaculture and agriculture against parasitic infestations and has caused aquatic toxicity to non-target organisms. To evaluate the effects of low doses of trichlorfon on the oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in amphibians, Chinese brown frogs (Rana chensinensis) were exposed to trichlorfon at concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/L for 2 and 4 weeks. Then, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in hepatic tissue were examined to evaluate the effects of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The histopathological alternations to the liver were observed through light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that SOD and CAT activities were increased in the livers of frogs exposed to various concentrations of trichlorfon. The GST activity showed no significant changes at any concentration after 2 weeks of exposure, whereas there was an initial increase after exposure to 0.1 mg/L of trichlorfon at 4 weeks. The content of MDA revealed a significant decrease after exposure. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies showed that trichlorfon induced hyalinization, vacuolation, nucleus necrosis, and cellular swelling in hepatocytes. These results suggest that low doses of trichlorfon could induce oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and hepatic lesions in frogs, which shows that even lower, non-lethal doses of trichlorfon are potentially toxic to amphibians.