重大事故的应急救援预案编制技术

重大应急预案编制是安全生产的一项重要基础工作 ,对于提高应急救援能力 ,控制事故与灾害的恶化 ,保障人民安全具有重大意义。笔者从应急预案编制的技术层面上 ,论述了应急预案的基本框架和应急预案体系 ;认为该体系可以由 6个一级和 2 0个二级的核心要素构成。其中 ,应急策划是制定应急预案的技术基础 ,包括风险评价、资源分析和法律法规要求 3个二级要素 ;应急准备包括机构与职责、应急设备设施与物质、应急人员培训、预案演练、公众教育和互助协议 6个二级要素 ;应急响应是应急预案中核心的内容 ,包括现场指挥与控制等 1 1个二级要素。所提出的应急救援预案文件体系 ,建议一般按照四级文件形式的设想 ,应急预案的目标是提高整体应急能力 ;建议把应急预案的具体编制过程划分为 6个基本的步骤 ,对于预案编制与实施应实现持续改进的机制     

环境危机管理经验研究

环境危机通常通过推动采用预防危机反复出现,并提高社会对危机事件迅速有效反应能力的措施,而成为改善环境管理的催化剂.回顾了美国、欧洲与日本的几个环境危机事例以及国家调整性政策的改变.总结出进行环境危机管理工作应该考虑:①紧急准备要求国家与地方权力机构应该通过仔细监测工业用有害化学品的使用情况、使用结果与运输情况,以及可能带来的环境影响,了解其潜在的环境灾难.要求从事可能会带来环境危机活动的责任方证明其已经制定了综合有效的应急反应计划.②排放有害物质的责任方要负责承担补救环境与人类健康损失所花费的全额成本.建立有效的责任计划可以推动对预防环境危机措施方面的投资.③发生环境危机时,采取的最基本措施是及时将有关危机性质与范围等情况通告应急反应权力机构及公众.以提高应急反应能力,保持公众的信任.④吸取经验预防环境危机事件再发生.独立调查委员会要探索发生环境事故的原因,并为预防工作提供意见或建议.⑤政府与行业有责任采取措施保护公众免受与有害物质排放和其他有害活动相关的潜在危害;在事故发生时能及时反应并使损害达到最低;对人类健康与环境造的成损害提供赔偿.     

亚氨基二琥珀酸修复重金属污染土壤及环境风险削减评估

以亚氨基二琥珀酸（ISA）为洗脱剂,考察ISA投加量、洗脱液pH值、反应时间和土液比对Cd、Pb和Zn去除率影响,通过Box-Behnken多因素设计法优化最佳洗脱条件,并采用涵盖土壤重金属残留量、浸出浓度和毒性的综合环境风险法评估修复效果.结果表明,ISA对Cd、Pb和Zn去除率随其浓度增加而增加;ISA浓度为50mmol/L时,对矿山污染土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn去除率达到11.83%、34.26%和20.96%;对污染农田土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn去除率达到48.89%、57.08%和81.80%.增加反应时间和洗脱液酸性有助于提高ISA对Cd、Pb和Zn去除率.随土液比减低,Cd、Pb和Zn去除率呈上升趋势.ISA去除Cd、Pb和Zn最佳条件为：ISA浓度70mmol/L、洗脱液pH4.0和反应时间120min,预测矿山土壤和污染农田土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn总去除率最大分别为32.58%和93.16%.ISA大幅度降低水溶态、可交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cd、Pb和Zn残留量,从而削减矿山土壤和污染农田土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn总环境风险达50.81%和87.13%.亚氨基二琥珀酸可有效去除污染土壤中重金属并降低残留重金属的环境风险,是一种潜在材料可用于土壤重金属污染修复.     

大型航天器结构-控制-光学一体化建模与微振动响应快速计算方法

目的控制大型航天器一体化模型的计算成本。方法分别使用状态空间法和附加刚度法建立结构-控制-光学一体化模型,并求解微振动响应。使用稀疏矩阵LU分解法和迭代法求解线性方程来加速微振动响应的求解速度。结果对某大型航天器建立一体化模型,并求解微振动响应,总耗时10.35 s,其中使用迭代法计算2794个频率点耗时7.20s,使用稀疏LU分解法计算6个频率点耗时3.15s。结论数值算例证明了该方法的高效性,是适用于实际工程中大型航天器微振动预示的高效算法。     

Unveiling soil degradation and desertification risk in the Mediterranean basin: a data mining analysis of the relationships between biophysical and socioeconomic factors in agro-forest landscapes

Soil degradation and desertification processes in the Mediterranean basin reflect the interplay between environmental and socioeconomic drivers. An approach to evaluate comparatively the multiple relationships between biophysical variables and socioeconomic factors is illustrated in the present study using the data collected from 586 field sites located in five Mediterranean areas (Spain, Greece, Turkey, Tunisia and Morocco). A total of 47 variables were chosen to illustrate land-use, farm characteristics, population pressure, tourism development, rainfall regime, water availability, soil properties and vegetation cover, among others. A data mining approach incorporating non-parametric inference, principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering was developed to identify candidate syndromes of soil degradation and desertification risk. While field sites in the same study area showed a substantial similarity, the multivariate relationship among variables diverged among study areas. Data mining techniques proved to be a practical tool to identify spatial determinants of soil degradation and desertification risk. Our findings identify the contrasting spatial patterns for biophysical and socioeconomic variables, in turn associated with different responses to land degradation.     

微量金属元素投加量优化组合对污泥发酵产乙酸的影响

污泥厌氧发酵生产乙酸是实现污泥减量化和资源化的有效途径. 为了提高污泥中的ρ(乙酸),分别考察了Fe2+、Co2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Mn2+5种微量金属元素的投加影响. 结果表明,5种微量元素都可以促进污泥中乙酸的产生,作用大小依次为Co2+>Mn2+>Fe2+> Zn2+>Cu2+. 但当Fe2+、Co2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Mn2+投加量(以w计)分别超过0.100 0%、0.006 0%、0.002 0%、0.004 0%和0.100 0%时,ρ(乙酸)却明显下降. 分别选取Fe2+(0.040 0%~0.150 0%)、Co2+(0.002 0%~0.008 0%)、Cu2+(0.000 5%~0.006 0%)、Zn2+(0.000 5%~0.010 0%)和Mn2+(0.040 0%~0.150 0%)进行响应面条件优化试验. 在Fe2+、Mn2+投加量均为0.090 0%,Co2+、Zn2+投加量均为0.005 0%,Cu2+投加量为0.003 5%的组合优化条件下,ρ(乙酸)高达3 452 mg/L,比优化前提高了61.80%. 最优的微量元素投量组合条件下获得的试验结果与二次响应面回归模型预测值(3 475 mg/L)拟合率高达99.34%,表明所建立的回归模型可行.      

Silica nanoparticles and silver-doped silica nanoparticles induce endoplasmatic reticulum stress response and alter cytochrome P4501A activity

Engineered silica nanoparticles (SiO₂-NPs) find widespread application and may lead to exposure of humans and the environment. Here we compare the effects of SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-NPs doped with silver (SiO₂-Ag-NPs) on survival and cellular function of human liver cells (Huh7) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) fibroblast cells (FMH). In Huh7 cells we investigate effects on the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), including ER stress, and interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) with metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters. The NPs formed agglomerates/aggregates in cell culture media as revealed by SEM and TEM. SiO₂ and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs were taken up into cells as demonstrated by agglomerates occurring in vesicular-like structures or freely dispersed in the cytosol. Cytotoxicity was more pronounced in Huh7 than in FMH cells, and increased with silver content in silver-doped NPs. Dissolved silver was the most significant factor for cytotoxicity. At toxic and non-cytotoxic concentrations SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs induced perturbations in the function of ER. In Huh7 cells NPs induced the unfolded protein response (UPR), or ER stress response, as demonstrated in induced expression of BiP and splicing of XBP1 mRNA, two selective markers of ER stress. Additionally, SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs and AgNO₃ induced reactive oxygen species. Pre-treatment of Huh7 cells with SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs followed by exposure to the inducer benzo(a)pyrene caused a significant reduced induction of CYP1A activity. NPs did not alter the activity of ABC transporters. These data demonstrate for the first time that SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs result in perturbations of the ER leading to the ER stress response. This represents a novel and significant cellular signalling pathway contributing to the cytotoxicity of NPs.     

Lead toxicity, defense strategies and associated indicative biomarkers in Talinum triangulare grown hydroponically

Talinum species have been used to investigate a variety of environmental problems for e.g. determination of metal pollution index and total petroleum hydrocarbons in roadside soils, stabilization and reclamation of heavy metals (HMs) in dump sites, removal of HMs from storm water-runoff and green roof leachates. Species of Talinum are popular leaf vegetables having nutrient antinutrient properties. In this study, Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd (Ceylon spinach) grown hydroponically were exposed to different concentrations of lead (Pb) (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 mM) to investigate the biomarkers of toxicity and tolerance mechanisms. Relative water content, cell death, photosynthetic pigments, sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), anthocyanins, α-tocopherol, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) glutathione (GSH and GSSG) and elemental analysis have been investigated. The results showed that Pb in roots and shoots gradually increased as the function of Pb exposure; however Pb concentration in leaves was below detectable level. Chlorophylls and SQDG contents increased at 0.25 mM of Pb treatment in comparison to control at all treated durations, thereafter decreased. Levels of carotenoid, anthocyanins, α-tocopherol, and lipid peroxidation increased in Pb treated plants compared to control. Water content, cells death and elemental analysis suggested the damage of transport system interfering with nutrient transport causing cell death. The present study also explained that Pb imposed indirect oxidative stress in leaves is characterized by decreases in GSH/GSSG ratio with increased doses of Pb treatment. Lead-induced oxidative stress was alleviated by carotenoids, anthocyanins, α-tocopherol and glutathione suggesting that these defense responses as potential biomarkers for detecting Pb toxicity.     

京杭大运河无锡段水质和土地利用的响应关系

以京杭大运河无锡段2003年7月和12月两景SPOT-5正射影像为数据源,结合断面水质数据,利用基于最小二乘法的多元回归方法,建立了枯水期和丰水期水质参数与土地利用的响应模型。结果表明:以监测断面为中心的缓冲区距离的空间变化与水质监测指标之间有很明显的响应关系,建立的模型显示,丰水期DO、CODMn、BOD5、TN和TP的最大响应宽度分别为100、100、300、200和100 m,枯水期的最大响应宽度则为500、200、300、400和200 m。运河的水质污染主要受离河岸较近的土地利用结构的影响,耕地上产生的农业污水、商业和工业中的废水以及大面积裸地上居民生活垃圾和建筑垃圾产生的污水是导致京杭大运河无锡段水质恶化的重要原因。     

Effects on nano zero-valent iron reactivity of interactions between hardness, alkalinity, and natural organic matter in reverse osmosis concentrate

Nanoscale zero-valent iron （NZVI） is considered to have potential to reduce nitrate in the concentrate generated by high pressure membrane processes aimed at water reuse. However, it is necessary to verify the effect of the matrix components in the concentrates on NZVI reactivity. In this study, the influence of hardness, alkalinity, and organic matter on NZVI reactivity was evaluated by the response surface method （RSM）. Hardness （Ca/＋） had a positive effect on NZVI reactivity by accelerating iron corrosion. In contrast, alkalinity （bicarbonate; HCO3） and organic matter （humic acid; HA） had negative effects on NZVI reactivity due to morphological change to carbonate green rust, and to competitive adsorption of HA, respectively. The validity of the statistical prediction model derived from RSM was confirmed by an additional confirmation experiment, and the experimental result was within the 95% confidential interval. Therefore, it can be indicated that the RSM model produced results that were statistically significant.