Health-dependent vulnerability to predation affects escape responses of unguarded chinstrap penguin chicks

Predators may select more often to attack the more vulnerable prey or those with an inferior health status. Thus, prey should be able to assess their own vulnerability to predation and modify their antipredatory behavior accordingly. When approached by predator skuas, unguarded penguin chicks flee short distances, and usually aggregate in dense packs, but there is a clear interindividual variability in their responses under similar conditions. We hypothesized that this variability in escape responses might be related to the perceived vulnerability to predation of each individual chick. We simulated predator attacks to chinstrap penguin chicks and analyzed the sources of variation in their escape response, such as the presence of adults or the density of other chicks, and the sex, age, body condition, and health status of responding chicks. Chicks allowed shorter approach distances when they had a better health condition (i.e., a greater T-cell-mediated immunity, CMI), when they were younger, and when the density of adults around was higher. Sex and density of other chicks were not important. Similarly, chicks fled from the experimenter to longer distances when they had a lower CMI and when the density of adults was lower. Therefore, escape characteristics of chicks depended on the presence of adults that can deter predators and on the health-dependent vulnerability of chicks.     

产类胡萝卜素菌株的筛选及其培养条件初探

从土壤、植物落花、细菌污染的组织培养二三角瓶里的培养基上及被细菌污染的LB琼脂平板上分离筛选出十几株产类胡萝卜素的菌株，其中从污染的LB琼脂平板上分离的一株菌落颜色为黄色的菌株PBH，分类鉴定为库特氏菌属(Kurthia sp.)．菌株在以葡萄糖为碳源，添加番茄汁(3．6mL／L)、芝麻油(1．6mL／L)、Na2CO3(6g/L)和磷酸缓冲盐的液体培养基中28℃振荡培养5d，每mL培养液细胞生物量湿重达到65．57mg，类胡萝卜素产量达到9．896μg，菌体每g湿重细胞胡萝卜素含量为150．9μg．图10参13     

Body condition and the grouping behavior of brood-caring female common eiders (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Somateria mollissima</Emphasis>)

Both theoretical and empirical work has shown that group size increases with increasing ecological constraints on solitary breeding. Ecological constraints refer to extrinsic factors such as availability of breeding sites, food or mates. Common eider (Somateria mollissima) females pool their broods and share brood-rearing duties, or rear broods alone. Females are often in poor condition at hatching, as incubation is accomplished without feeding, and variation in body condition is largely environmentally induced and thus unpredictable. We found that the intensity of and duration of parental care that females provide is positively correlated with their body condition at hatching. This suggests that body condition is an ecological constraint on successful solitary breeding. We further observed that group productivity in common eider broods is a decelerating function of the number of tending females. As predicted, females in poorer condition (i.e., facing stronger ecological constraints) were found in larger groups. This result is straightforward if solitary tenders can enter any group at no cost. However, if entry is group-controlled, stable groups of non-relatives are predicted not to occur when per capita reproduction declines with group size. The N-person staying incentive model permits groups to form under these conditions, because reproduction is unevenly divided between dominants and subordinates in the group. We discuss the plausibility of these alternative models of group size for understanding the grouping behavior of brood-caring female common eiders.Communicated by M. Webster     

土壤条件与植物响应

植物对土壤状况的反应并不仅仅表现为根系具有吸收水分和营养元素的能力。植物根系能够感应到土壤的某些不利因素，对枝干发出信号，从而锻炼植株以抵抗退化或严酷的环境。这种信号能影响植株气孔导度、细胞伸长、细胞分裂及叶的出现速度等：对植物生长有重要影响的土壤物理条件包括土壤硬度、容器大小、孔隙大小和土壤干燥度等，在这些条件极端化的情况下，植物往往表现为生长变缓，根、叶等器官形态发牛改变。而在某些土壤化学条件不利的情况下，如土壤酸度增加、养分缺乏或发生铝毒时，植物则通过产生根际分泌物、降低生长速率及富集作用等来适应环境，维持生命。了解植物对不良环境的适应机制有利于筛选出具有一定抗性的优良基因类型。     

拟威克酵母产生表面活性剂的发酵条件

通过单因子试验和正交试验,对拟威克酵母WickerhamielladomercqiaeY2A产生槐糖脂的发酵培养基组成和发酵条件进行了优化.培养基组成为:8.0%葡萄糖、8.0%菜子油、0.3%酵母粉;发酵条件为:初始pH值6.0、接种量2.5%、发酵时间120h.在此条件下,槐糖脂产量可达到41.3gL-1.图4表5参16     

Thermobifida fusca产角质酶摇瓶发酵条件研究

研究了环境和营养条件等对嗜热放线菌Thermobifida fusca WSH03-11生长及产角质酶的影响;并考察了苹果角质对角质酶诱导效果,分析了该菌产角质酶的机理.摇瓶研究确定了角质酶发酵的最佳种子培养基组成为90 g L-1可溶性淀粉、5 g L-1牛肉膏、5 g L-1酵母膏、5 g L-1NaCl、2 g L-1K2HPO4和1%微量元素液,生物量最高达18.5 gL-1,种龄取35～40 h.最佳环境条件为pH 8.0、5%接种量、培养温度50℃.最佳发酵培养基组成为1.5%乙醇、5 gL-1蛋白胨、5 g L-1酵母膏、2 g L-1K2HPO4、5 g L-1NaCl和1%微量元素液.发酵培养基中添加角质对角质酶合成与分泌有诱导作用,T.fusca的产酶机制为诱导型.采用上述最佳培养条件产角质酶为3.8 U mL-1.图4表3参9     

气象条件对可吸入颗粒物浓度的影响

气象条件对可吸入颗粒物浓度有较大的影响,通过对鞍山市二年来的监测数据进行分析,得出了结论并提出建议.     

松花江流域有机污染成因分析及饮用水源保护对策

通过对松花江流域水资源及水质污染状况的调查分析，得出城市工业废水、生活污水排放等点源和农药、化肥等面源是松花江流域有机污染的原因，并提出了对流域饮用水源地的保护对策及建议。     

不安全动作与不安全物态的判定方法探讨

根据事故致因"2-4"模型,人的不安全动作与物的不安全状态是事故发生的直接原因,但国内外学者关于二者的判定方法并未形成共识。为了寻找不安全动作与不安全物态科学的判定方法,首先,通过文献研究,综述了国内外学者对不安全动作、不安全物态的分类及定义;其次,从理论层面论述了不安全动作、不安全物态的判定方法;最后,以一起重大瓦斯爆炸事故为例对不安全动作及不安全物态的判定方法进行实证分析。结果表明,基于事故致因"2-4"模型的不安全动作和不安全物态判定方法有效。     

高温高压高含CO2环境下两种氟橡胶密封可靠性评价

目的 研究两种氟橡胶O型圈在总压为25 MPa,CO2体积分数为5%,温度为120 ℃,液相介质Cl^?质量浓度为7000 mg/L的高温高压高含CO2工况下的密封可靠性。方法 通过高温高压釜模拟井下实际工况,采用自研橡胶O型圈密封装置实现试样的承压状态,以物理性能、腐蚀形貌和抗渗透性能为考察指标,对两种氟橡胶O型圈的耐蚀性能和密封性能进行测试评价。结果 氟硅橡胶O型圈在承压状态下腐蚀后,拉伸强度由18.1 MPa下降为13.4 MPa,拉断伸长率由172.8%下降为151.9%。AFLAS橡胶O型圈在承压状态下腐蚀后,拉伸强度由21 MPa下降为14.6 MPa,拉断伸长率由277%下降为212.3%,硬度从84HA下降为75.5HA,表面破损严重。两种橡胶O型圈抗渗透性能随压差增大、温度上升而减弱。结论 承压状态下,两种橡胶O型圈性能衰减程度低于自由状态,氟硅橡胶O型圈在承压状态下表现出更好的密封可靠性。