Influence of Meteorological Parameters on Particulates and Atmospheric Pollutants at Taichung Harbor Sampling Site

Atmospheric aerosol particles and metallic concentrations, ionic species were monitored at the Experimental harbor of Taichung sampling site in this study. This work attempted to characterize metallic elements and ionic species associated with meteorological conditions variation on atmospheric particulate matter in TSP, PM_2.5, PM_2.5–10. The concentration distribution trend between TSP, PM_2.5, PM_2.5–10 particle concentration at the TH (Taichung harbor) sampling site were also displayed in this study. Besides, the meteorological conditions variation of metallic elements (Fe, Mg, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn and Pb) and ions species (Cl⁻, NO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, NH₄ ⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Na⁺) concentrations attached with those particulate were also analyzed in this study. On non-parametric (Spearman) correlation analysis, the results indicated that the meteorological conditions have high correlation at largest particulate concentrations for TSP at TH sampling site in this study. In addition, the temperature and relative humidity of meteorological conditions that played a key role to affect particulate matter (PM) and have higher correlations then other meteorological conditions such as wind speed and atmospheric pressure. The parameter temperature and relative humidity also have high correlations with atmospheric pollutants compared with those of the other meteorological variables (wind speed, atmospheric pressure and prevalent wind direction). In addition, relative statistical equations between pollutants and meteorological variables were also characterized in this study.     

Development and application of a video-mosaic survey technology to document the status of coral reef communities

The recent decline in the condition of coral reef communities worldwide has fueled the need to develop innovative assessment tools to document coral abundance and distribution rapidly and effectively. While most monitoring programs rely primarily on data collected in situ by trained divers, digital photographs and video are used increasingly to extract ecological indicators, provide a permanent visual record of reef condition, and reduce the time that divers spend underwater. In this study, we describe the development and application of a video-based reef survey methodology based on an algorithm for image registration and the estimation of image motion and camera trajectory. This technology was used to construct two-dimensional, spatially accurate, high-resolution mosaics of the reef benthos at a scale of up to 400 m². The mosaics were analyzed to estimate the size and percent cover of reef organisms and these ecological indicators of reef condition were compared to similar measurements collected by divers to evaluate the potential of the mosaics as monitoring tools. The ecological indicators collected by trained divers compared favorably with those measured directly from the video mosaics. Five out of the eight categories chosen (hard corals, octocorals, Palythoa, algal turf, and sand) showed no significant differences in percent cover based on survey method. Moreover, no significant differences based on survey method were found in the size of coral colonies. Lastly, the capability to extract the same reef location from mosaics collected at different times proved to be an important tool for documenting change in coral abundance as the removal of even small colonies (<10 cm in diameter) was easily documented. The two-dimensional video mosaics constructed in this study can provide repeatable, accurate measurements on the reef-plot scale that can complement measurements on the colony-scale made by divers and surveys conducted at regional scales using remote sensing tools.     

室内尘埃中铅的赋存形态与儿童血铅的相关性研究

有关室内尘埃中铅的赋存形态与儿童血铅的相关性研究尚未见报道。在对某地儿童血铅进行调查期间,发现当地儿童血铅浓度与室内尘埃中铅的水溶态、离子交换态、腐殖酸结合态、铁锰氧化态、强有机结合态和残渣态呈正相关,但不显著,无统计学意义。但与总铅浓度呈显著正相关(R=0.447,P=0.032),与铅的碳酸盐结合态呈高显著相关(R=0.537,P=0.008)。在此基础上,将儿童血铅分别与尘埃中铅暴露量、摄入量和潜在剂量进行相关分析,结果表明,儿童血铅与室内尘总铅摄入量和总铅潜在剂量正相关但无统计意义,与尘总铅暴露量显著相关(R=0.431,P=0.040),与碳酸盐态的暴露量(R=0.537,P=0.008)、摄入量(R=0.538,P=0.008)和潜在剂量(R=0.540,P=0.008)高度显著相关。提示在土壤和尘埃中铅的碳酸盐态含量较高的地区,碳酸盐态铅可能是造成儿童血铅超标的主要原因。     

梭梭、白梭梭萌发过程的初探

针对准噶尔盆地南部沙漠边缘沙丘活化这一现象,结合目前新疆梭梭、白梭梭研究现状,结合历年的气象资料,模拟自然条件,对梭梭、白梭梭自然恢复的初始过程——种子萌发的温度和水分条件进行研究。结果表明,新疆梭梭、白梭梭种子在2℃时就可以萌发,而且发芽率达80%以上,当积雪厚度达到22 cm时,梭梭、白梭梭种子发芽率达到80%以上,变温提高发芽速率,当积雪厚度达到22 cm就可满足梭梭、白梭梭种子萌发的水分条件。此结果可为沙漠地区植被自然恢复提供理论依据。     

拉萨市环境空气质量与气象特征分析

分析了拉萨市环境空气质量及其拉萨市的地理位置、地形地貌和气候特征的关系。研究结果表明 ,自然沙尘是拉萨市环境空气质量的主要自然源。月降尘量与降水、大风等有明显的相关关系。加快拉萨地区生态环境建设 ,增加植被覆盖率 ,减少沙源是改善拉萨市环境空气质量的关键     

兰州市空气污染对儿童及其父母呼吸系统健康的影响

叙述了居住环境对儿童和儿童父母亲呼吸系统健康影响的研究结果。揭示了儿童对空气污染所引起的呼吸系统疾病的急性反应较成人更敏感。吸烟合并空气污染更能损害人的健康     

一种缺氧型生物滴滤塔对硫化氢去除的最佳反应条件

取自污水处理厂二沉池活性污泥载入生物滴滤塔中,与传统生物滴滤塔对比,考察了在缺氧条件下微生物对H2S的去除效率,最适工艺运行条件及影响因素,实验结果表明,最佳工艺运行条件:温度为30℃,pH 6.0,H2S入口浓度C1=1 000 mg/m3、C2=2 000 mg/m3、C3=3 000 mg/m3,对应的最适气体流量和循环液喷淋量分别为35～55 L/h、45 L/h、55L/h和20 L/h、40 L/h、50 L/h,该生物滴滤塔最高H2S负荷率可达6.9 g/(m3.h),具有较高的H2S去除效率,最适工艺运行条件的确定对实际大中型沼气发酵池净化配套系统具有一定的指导意义。     

填埋垃圾中TOC含量的测定方法优化

垃圾的TOC含量是评价垃圾矿质腐殖化机理研究的重要指标,以本课题组模拟垃圾填埋系统中的垃圾样品为研究对象,以土壤TOC测定方法为基础,通过单因素实验和正交实验(L25(56))对垃圾样品的TOC的测定方法进行优化。结果表明,TOC测定优化条件为:风干样品(0.1±0.0005)g,Ag2SO40.075 g,0.4 mol/L(1/6K2Cr2O7)-H2SO4溶液(含1/2H2SO412.6 mol/L)10 mL,180℃的砂浴加热45 min。此条件下,RSD小于3.23%,表明该方法精密度高,可行性强。     

强化混凝去除尖针杆藻

嘉陵江水系藻类暴发,水源水中的藻类在水厂前处理工艺中难以去除,造成该流域附近10余个水厂发生滤池堵塞现象,其中个别水厂滤池反冲洗周期由正常情况的24 h缩短至2~3 h,严重影响净水厂的正常运行,使得制水能力大幅降低。针对藻类(优势藻为硅藻中的针杆藻)暴发问题,通过对比PAFS、PAC和PFC3种混凝剂的除藻除浊效果,选取PAFS为最佳混凝剂;通过添加预氧化剂和助凝剂强化混凝除藻效果,其结果表明,使用助凝剂PDMDAAC的对PAFS的助凝效果最好,其余药剂结合PAFS的除藻效果为PPC>ClO2>PAM>H2O2>HCA-1,并将其应用到现有水厂,结果表明,0.6mg/L PDMDAAC+25 mg/L PAFS在水厂混凝沉淀,尖针杆藻含量降至49×104~55×104cells/L,其除藻率可达70%~75%,大大减轻了滤池的运行负荷,使得水厂运行恢复到正常水平。     

基于层次分析法的坦塘垃圾填埋场适宜性评价

垃圾填埋场场址的适宜性评价是生活垃圾填埋场建设和运营的前提和基础。以湖南省永州市坦塘垃圾填埋场为例,在分析研究区的地质与水文地质条件的基础上,确定了填埋场适宜性的影响因素为填埋场规模、运输条件、环境条件、建场条件和地质条件,具体包括填埋场面积及容量、综合路况条件、对地表水体污染的可能性、地形平坦程度以及场地是否处在岩溶区等条件,明确了局部地区岩溶发育是制约其适宜性的主要因素。结合垃圾填埋场的建设情况和相关规范、标准,采用层次分析法对坦塘垃圾填埋场进行适宜性评价。评价结果表明,坦塘垃圾填埋场是一个适宜场地,评价结果与实际情况相符。