石家庄春季大气气溶胶的散射特征

利用2010年5月积分浊度仪、PCASP-X2和能见度仪的观测资料,分析了石家庄大气气溶胶的散射特征及其与气溶胶粒子浓度、能见度、气象条件的关系.结果表明,观测期间,450,550,700nm 3个波段的气溶胶散射系数平均值±标准差分别为(257±293),(199±237)和(143±173)Mm-1,散射系数的变化很大,但气溶胶微物理特征相对比较稳定.散射系数日变化呈3峰分布,峰值出现在8:00、13:00和0:00.以550nm波长为例,气溶胶散射系数的变化范围为144~308Mm-1,夜间散射系数大于白天,非晴天散射系数平均值(524.9Mm-1)是晴天散射系数(112.3Mm-1)的4.7倍.气溶胶3个波段后向散射比均大于0.15,说明石家庄细粒子污染比较严重.散射系数和体积浓度成正比,但由于局地气象条件和污染源的影响,有气溶胶体积浓度变大,散射系数变化不大的情况出现.气溶胶散射系数和能见度呈负相关;根据Koschmieder公式计算得到的能见度,能较好反映实际观测情况.当大气相对湿度较高时,气溶胶散射系数随湿度增大呈现两种不同的变化趋势,即一部分气溶胶的散射系数有明显的增大,而另一部分则随着相对湿度的增加并未增大,反而比干气溶胶散射系数要小.局地风场也会影响气溶胶散射特性.     

Sediment geochemistry and arsenic mobilization in shallow aquifers of the Datong basin,northern China

Understanding the mechanism of arsenic (As) mobilization from sediments to groundwater is important for water quality management in areas of endemic arsenic poisoning, such as the Datong basin in northern China. The bulk geochemistry analysis of sediment samples from three 50-m boreholes drilled specifically for this study at As-contaminated aquifers, the groundwaters of which have an As concentration up to 1060 μg/l, revealed that the average bulk concentrations of major and trace elements of the samples are similar to those of the average upper continental crust. The average As content of the sediment samples (18.7 mg/kg) is higher than that of modern unconsolidated sediments (5–10 mg/kg). Moreover, the abundance of elements varied with grain size, with higher concentrations in finer fractions of the sediments, such as silt and clay. The concentration of NH₂OH–HCl-extracted iron (Fe) strongly correlated with that of extracted As, suggesting that Fe oxyhydroxides may be the major sink of As in the aquifer. The results of microcosm experiments showed that As mobilization from sediments to groundwater is probably mainly related to changes in the redox conditions, with moderately reducing conditions being favorable for As release from sediments into groundwater.     

闽西北邵武市酸雨分布特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用1992-2005年邵武市的探空、降水量和酸雨资料,分析了邵武市不同气象条件对降水酸度、酸雨出现率的影响,结果表明:(1)闽西北是福建省酸雨污染较严重的地区之一,相对于夏、秋二季,冬、春二季的降水酸度更强、酸雨出现率更高。(2)降水的量级对降水酸度、酸雨出现率有明显影响。(3)逆温层对酸雨有较大的影响,逆温特征越明显,降水pH值越低,酸雨出现概率越大。(4)1500 m高空风速、风向在一定程度上影响邵武市降水酸度和酸雨出现机率。(5)邵武市上空850 hPa~700 hPa高度层在暖平流控制下不仅降水酸度强且出现酸雨的机会大。相反,如果850hPa~700 hPa高度层在冷单流控制下不仅降水酸度弱且出现酸雨的机会小。     

The impact of chemical lateral boundary conditions on CMAQ predictions of tropospheric ozone over the continental United States

A sensitivity study is performed to examine the impact of lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) on the NOAA-EPA operational Air Quality Forecast Guidance over continental USA. We examined six LBCS: the fixed profile LBC, three global LBCs, and two ozonesonde LBCs for summer 2006. The simulated results from these six runs are compared to IONS ozonesonde and surface ozone measurements from August 1 to 5, 2006. The choice of LBCs can affect the ozone prediction throughout the domain, and mainly influence the predictions in upper altitude or near inflow boundaries, such as the US west coast and the northern border. Statistical results shows that the use of global model predictions for LBCs could improve the correlation coefficients of surface ozone prediction over the US west coast, but could also increase the ozone mean bias in most regions of the domain depending on global models. In this study, the use of the MOZART (Model for Ozone And Related chemical Tracers) prediction for CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) LBC shows a better surface ozone prediction than that with fixed LBC, especially over the US west coast. The LBCs derived from ozonesonde measurements yielded better O₃ correlations in the upper troposphere.     

产生物表面活性剂的石油降解菌Acinetobacter BHSN的研究

从石油污染土壤中分离筛选获得1株产生物表面活性剂的石油降解菌株BHSN.经形态观察、生理生化试验、16S rDNA 序列分析等将其鉴定为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.).研究表明,BHSN菌株能降解石油中C13～C32正构烷烃.BHSN菌株生长和产生物表面活性剂的最适温度为25～30 ℃,最适pH为5.0～8.5.LB培养基中添加终质量浓度为10 g·L-1葡萄糖能促进菌体的生长,但不利于表面活性剂的合成;添加蔗糖、乳糖、麦芽糖和木糖对菌体的生长和表面活性剂的合成均有促进作用,其中麦芽糖的促进作用最强.初步研究表明,BHSN菌株产的生物表面活性剂为脂肽类;BHSN发酵液的表面张力由初始68.3 mN·m-1降低到28.6 mN·m-1.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌培养条件的筛选及脱硫效果研究

从湖南某煤矿附近的土壤中,分离出能有效脱除燃煤中硫的菌株TFD-9,鉴定为氧化亚铁硫杆菌。通过不同温度、pH值和底物浓度对TFD-9菌生物量的影响,确定了最适宜的培养条件;并试验了该菌株对不同能源物质的利用以及对煤的脱硫能力。实验表明:TFD-9菌的适宜生长条件为温度30℃、Fe2+浓度9g/L、pH值2.0,此时最大生物量达到9.26×107个/mL;菌株对能源物质的利用能力分别为Fe2+100%,S2O32-62%,S少于50%;生物处理20d燃煤总硫脱除率为75.6%,硫化物硫脱除率为82.75%。     

MORPH—An individual-based model to predict the effect of environmental change on foraging animal populations

This paper describes an individual-based model, MORPH, that has been designed to predict the effect of environmental change on foraging animal populations. The key assumptions of MORPH are that individuals within populations behave in order to maximise their perceived fitness, but that perceived fitness may not always be positively related to the actual chances of survival and reproduction. MORPH has been parameterised for coastal birds on several European sites and predicted the effect of environmental change, caused by factors such as habitat loss, disturbance from humans and sea-level rise, on the survival and body condition of these species. However, MORPH contains a basic framework to describe animal physiology and foraging behaviour, and the distribution and abundance of the resources required by these animals. Therefore, MORPH is not restricted to coastal birds, and is potentially applicable to a wider range of systems. To be applied to a forager system, MORPH requires parameters describing (i) the distribution of the food supply and how food quality and abundance changes through time; (ii) the rate at which foragers consume food given the abundance of food and competitors; (iii) the amount of food the forager must consume each day to survive; (iv) the distribution and seasonal changes in other factors which influence the foraging behaviour and survival of foragers. The purpose of this paper is to (i) describe MORPH, (ii) give examples of its application, (iii) describe the types of systems to which MORPH can be applied, and (iv) publish its source code and a user guide.     

拉萨市环境空气中NO2变化特征分析

选取用长光程差分光谱法监测的拉萨市2000年7月-2004年6月环境空气质量监测数据,分析了NO₂变化特征.结果表明:目前拉萨市ρ(NO₂)在<环境空气质量标准>(GB3095-1996)一级标准之内,但呈逐渐上升趋势.拉萨市ρ(NO₂)月均值呈明显的"U"字型分布规律,即1月和年末10-12月高,其他时间低;每年10月至次年1月,ρ(NO₂)月均值超过年均值,月均最高值均出现在12月;每日在8:00-12:00,20:00-24:00有2个高峰值区.汽车尾气、当地居民生活中的燃烧过程是目前拉萨市NO₂的主要产生源,特殊边界层气象条件影响拉萨市环境空气中ρ(NO₂)的变化规律.      

合肥市旅游开发条件评价

合肥市是安徽省省会，自然旅游资源和人文旅游资源较为丰富，基础设施和旅游设施较为健全。在实地调查和数据分析的基础上引入匹配系数，对合肥市旅游开发条件进行多层次的定量分析并提出改善措施，为合肥市旅游开发决策提供参考。     

基于轨道检测数据的轨道状态评定方法研究

为了保证列车在轨道上安全运行,铁路部门采用动态检测和静态检测两种方式对铁路轨道进行检查。笔者针对现有铁路轨道检测方式,提出根据检测数据评定轨道质量状态的方法。该法采用数据仓库技术存储检测数据,给出检测数据存储的双重粒度模式和数据分割模式。从时间和空间两个方面对检测数据进行分析,采用轨道局部状态、整体状态、超限点重复率和重点地段分析的方法。将轨道数据分为时间维、地理维、类别维3个维度,运用星型模式对轨道检测数据进行数据挖掘,发现轨道变化规律。将上述方法应用到南疆工务管理信息系统中,取得了较好的实用效果。