大型武器平台天线辐射计算软件EMRC及其应用

大型武器平台上,天线辐射的准确快速计算意义重大。本文介绍了我们自主开发的软件EMRC的核心算法——弹跳光束法(SBB),然后利用该软件对天线辐射进行了仿真计算,并与商业仿真软件FEKO的结果做了对比,验证了EMRC的正确性和高效性。     

Rangeland dynamics in southern Ethiopia: (1) botanical composition of grasses and soil characteristics in relation to land-use and distance from water in semi-arid Borana rangelands

The distribution and compositional pattern of the grass layer, as well as soil quality of southern Ethiopian semi-arid rangelands were examined under three land-use systems (communal land, government ranch and a traditional grazing reserve enclosure) and along a distance gradient (near, middle and far) from water sources. In total, 49 grass species were identified, 65% of which were perennials. Of the most commonly distributed highly desirable species, Chrysopogon aucheri showed the greatest frequency under the traditional grazing reserve (27.6%), and the lowest in the communal land (14.0%). The frequency of Cenchrus ciliaris was similar in all the study sites. The proportion of Lepthotrium senegalensis was low under the land-use systems (3.9%) and increased away from water sources (2.3%). Of the less desirable species, Sporobulus nervosus was extremely more abundant (<0.05) in the communal land (13.3%) than the traditional grazing reserve (3.3%) and the government ranch (1.9%). Sporobolus pyramidalis was dominant in the study sites, with similar (P>0.05) frequency percentages under the land-use systems and along the distance gradients from water. Basal cover was low and similar on all the study sites (3.3%). Concerning the soil texture, sand (71.1%) constituted the largest proportion, followed by silt (21.3%) and lastly, clay (7.7%). With regard to soil exchangeable cations, organic C and total nitrogen were generally low and did not show marked variation in all the study sites. The study showed significant differences for most of the vegetation variables between the communal land and the other land-uses. This suggested that grazing intensity was higher in the communal land and moderate in the government ranch and in the traditional grazing reserves (kallos). The lack of significant differences in most of the studied (vegetation) variables along the distance gradient from water could be ascribed to the fact that grazing disturbance has already exceeded a certain threshold of degradation. Under the present low states of soil nutrients and rainfall, cultivation is neither sustainable nor environmentally friendly and this will lead to further degradation of the soil in these marginal lands.     

Cattle-rangeland management practices and perceptions of pastoralists towards rangeland degradation in the Borana zone of southern Ethiopia

A survey was conducted in the Borana pastoral areas of southern Ethiopia to assess current livestock production systems, rangeland management practices and the perceptions of the pastoralists towards rangeland degradation. This information is considered vital to future pastoral development planning and interventions. Data were collected from a total of 20 villages that were identified from 5 peasant associations, namely Did Yabello, Moyatte, Did Harra, Dubuluk and Melbana. The average household size in the study area was 7.23. The majority of the pastoralists relied on both livestock and crop farming. The average livestock holding per household was 14 cattle, 10 goats, 6 sheep and 2 camels. Livestock holdings, with the exception of camels, has shown a declining trend over time. The two most important traditional rangeland management strategies adopted by the pastoralists included burning and mobility, but since 1974/75 burning has no longer been practised. With regard to mobility, the livestock herding falls in two categories, namely: home based and satellite herding. The former involves the herding of milking cows, calves and immature animals (<2 years) close to the encampments. The latter constitutes the herding of bulls and immatures (>2 years) further away from the encampments. Based on the pastoralists' perceptions, the major constraints on livestock production in descending order, were recurrent drought, feed and water scarcity, animal diseases, predators and communal land ownership. All the respondents considered the condition of the rangelands to have declined dramatically over time. In the past most development policies were based on equilibrium theories that opposed the communal use of the rangelands and traditional range management practices. The way in which the pastoral system affects the rangeland ecosystem functioning is contentious to this theory and the 'tragedy of the commons'. There was also a perceived problem of bush encroachment and the ban on traditional burning practices and recurrent droughts were seen as aggravating factors to this invasion process. The increasing practice of crop cultivation on the rangelands was identified as a serious threat to future livestock production and traditional resource management practices. Suggestions for possible interventions to improve the productivity and sustainable use of these rangelands are made.     

山东济南北部地热田富水规律分析

为查明济南北部地热田的富水规律,并为该地区的地热资源开发提供科学指导,通过对该地区的钻探、物探以及水化学等资料的分析,查明了该区地热田的大致范围为:南起济南岩体,北到齐河—广饶断裂,西起焦斌—庙廊断裂,东至鸡山断裂,总面积约770 km2。济南北部地热田的热源主要来源于北部齐河—广饶断裂沟通深部热源,济南岩浆岩的侵入作用对地热资源的形成也起到积极作用。地热水主要赋存于北东向与近东西向断裂构造的破碎带及附近,深部灰岩热储的岩溶发育较差。     

对加筋土结构在某边坡工程中应用的评价

结合工程地质勘查结果,对某电厂工程原来的加筋土结构设计方案进行了评价。通过分析,认为原设计没有考虑到地表含砾粉质粘土层的影响,不仅地基承载力不够,而且整个加筋土结构从深部滑出的安全性也未能满足工程要求,说明原设计方案需要进行修改,以保证工程的安全性。在评价的过程中,提出了一些在加筋土结构设计中需要注意的问题,强调了了解和掌握场地的工程地质条件对于设计的重要性,这些都为加筋土结构在工程中的应用提供了参考。     

亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化过程影响因素研究

亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化(Nitrite-dependent denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation,n-damo)是指微生物在厌氧条件下利用甲烷还原亚硝酸盐的过程,该过程的研究可为污水脱氮减排提供技术支持.采用n-damo富集培养物(荧光原位杂交实验结果表明n-damo功能菌丰度可达73%)为研究对象,着重探讨温度(25,35,45℃)、p H值(5.5~9.5)、甲烷分压(0~98 k Pa)和亚硝酸盐初始浓度(0~6.0 mmol·L-1)对n-damo反硝化速率的影响,以获得最优条件,为n-damo过程在污水处理中的应用提供理论依据.结果表明,在本实验条件下n-damo过程进行的最适温度为35℃,最适p H值为7.5,最适甲烷分压为49 k Pa,最适亚硝酸盐初始浓度为2.4~3.42 mmol·L~(-1).     

论性能化防火分析中的安全疏散时间判据

对目前常用的性能化防火分析中的安全疏散时间判据进行了讨论,认为存在必要而非充分条件的缺点,给判断是否真正安全带来不确定性,因此提出了一种更为合理的安全疏散时间判据,具有满足充分必要条件,简单可靠,使用方便的优点。该文还通过一个有关大空间建筑性能化防火分析的典型案例进一步阐明了该时间判据的使用方法,得到了合理有效的分析结果。     

生活污水絮凝微生物筛选及其培养条件的优化

为获得絮凝微生物和提高其絮凝效率并降低生产成本,以江苏碧程环保工程有限公司生活污水旁50 cm内10 cm深处土壤为絮凝微生物的菌源,采用选择培养基和平板划线方法分离纯化出31株菌株,分离纯化的31株菌株经30℃、160 r/min振荡培养72 h后,用发酵液处理质量分数为0.4％的高岭土悬浊液前后的OD550值的变化来表征絮凝率的大小.筛选出4株具有较高絮凝活性的菌株(T1、T2、T3、T4),将这4株具有较高絮凝活性的菌株自由组合、随机复配,筛选出絮凝率最大的复合菌群为T1+ T2+ T4.以T1+ T2+ T4为研究对象,研究其培养条件(温度、接种量、培养时间、pH值等)对絮凝效果的影响,并通过单因素和正交试验,以絮凝率为指标,确定复合微生物絮凝菌群的最佳培养条件.结果表明,培养条件的改变可以影响复合微生物絮凝菌群的絮凝效果,各培养条件对复合微生物絮凝菌群絮凝率的影响程度不同.复合絮凝菌群T1 +T2+ T4絮凝率最高的培养条件为培养温度30℃、pH=7,培养时间60 h;T1、T2、T4的种子液体积比为0.6:0.9∶0.3,装液量为90 mL/250 mL,接种量为4.5 mL/90 mL.研究表明,在最优条件下复合微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝效率高达81.01％,可以克服单一菌种絮凝效率不稳定的缺点.     

强突松软近距离煤层群石门揭煤防突技术研究

为了研究强突松软近距离煤层群石门揭煤防突技术,安全、顺利地揭煤,基于海孜矿Ⅱ32主运石门地质条件和瓦斯赋存状况,对近距离煤层群9+8煤层实施密集预抽钻孔抽采瓦斯与低压水力冲孔卸压增透相结合的措施,防治煤与瓦斯突出。结果表明:低压水力冲孔冲煤率达到4.5%;冲孔后瓦斯抽采流量为未冲孔的10倍以上;整体瓦斯抽采率达到71.7%,比以前提高了约1.6倍,卸压增透效果明显。预抽钻孔抽采后,9煤、8煤的残余瓦斯压力,分别为0.3MPa、0.22MPa,残余瓦斯含量分别为5.23m3/t、5.13m3/t,防突效果显著,可安全、顺利地揭开9+8煤层。     

航空相机载荷舱热环境分析

目的详细分析航空相机主体热设计的关键边界条件--航空相机载荷舱的热环境。方法通过载荷舱的热平衡方程,分析影响载荷舱热环境的主要因素,系统地总结适用于工程应用的分析方法。结果对于辐射热环境需考虑大气透明度、地面状况等因素,对流热环境可采用Hilbert提出的经验表达式计算载荷舱背风面的对流换热系数,气动热环境采用Eckert参考焓法估算载荷舱的气动热是合适的,且宜采用电热防冰系统及热空气加热防结露系统。结论该研究结果是航空相机主体热设计的基础,适用于对各类航空相机载荷舱热环境分析和环境控制系统设计。