Rapid aerobic granulation in an SBR treating piggery wastewater by seeding sludge from a municipal WWTP

Aerobic sludge granulation was rapidly obtained in the erlenmeyer bottle and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) using piggery wastewater. Aerobic granulation occurred on day 3 and granules with mean diameter of 0.2 mm and SVI₃₀ of 20.3 mL/g formed in SBR on day 18. High concentrations of Ca and Fe in the raw piggery wastewater and operating mode accelerated aerobic granulation, even though the seed sludge was from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Alpha diversity analysis revealed Operational Taxonomic Units, Shannon, ACE and Chao 1 indexes in aerobic granules were 2013, 5.51, 4665.5 and 3734.5, which were obviously lower compared to seed sludge. The percentages of major microbial communities, such as Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were obviously higher in aerobic granules than seed sludge. Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, TM7 and Acidobacteria showed much higher abundances in the inoculum. The main reasons might be the characteristics of raw piggery wastewater and granule structure.     

基于水环境容量的开发区水污染控制对策研究——以镇江新区为例

随着镇江新区的快速城市化,环境压力指数化增长,环境保护面临着巨大的挑战。为了实现镇江新区的经济发展和环境保护双赢,以及区域的可持续性发展,本文深入分析城市化过程带来的一系列生态环境问题,系统评价快速城市化过程中水污染因子排放与长江流域水环境质量的关系,结合区域水环境特点,基于科学的水环境容量计算,修正区域用地总体规划和产业布局,为合理分配和长期有效地利用水环境容量资源和区域可持续发展提供理论支撑和对策。     

城市轨道交通的噪声控制

城市轨道交通的噪声越来越引起人们的关注,慨述了轨道交通噪声的来源与分类,简述了国内城市轨道交通噪声水平,介绍了有关轨道交通噪声的相关标准,归纳了控制噪声的多种措施。     

港湾快速城市化地区河流水质主控因子识别及调控方案

识别快速城市化地区的河流污染的主控因子,对于科学实施河流污染防治调控及实现区域经济又好又快发展具有积极意义。运用流量校准浓度分析法、多元逐步回归分析相结合的方法识别连云港港湾快速城市化地区影响水质变化的主控因子,可准确把握该类区域河流污染趋势及主导原因,进而提出相应的优选调控方案。     

轨道交通建设对城市生态环境影响分析——以西安市城市轨道交通2号线为例

为了客观反映轨道交通建设对城市生态环境的影响,以西安市城市轨道交通2号线为例,采用类比调查和数据分析的方法,从施工期的环境污染、生态破坏、交通干扰、地下水环境扰动和运营期的缓解地面交通,改善城市环境质量等方面综合分析轨道交通对城市生态环境的影响.结果表明,工程建设对城市生态环境起到了明显的积极效益.本工程建设可以节约土地资源88.5 hm2; 节约能耗3.6万T/a; 营运初期减少汽车尾气CO、THC和NO x 排放量分别为118.7 T/a、20.2 T/a和8.3 T/a; 在不考虑交通量增长的情况下,由西安市城市轨道2号线吸引地面交通将使道路交通噪声贡献量减少1～3 dB(A).工程建设对地下水流场的影响较小,工程影响区地下水的潜水位变幅为0～1.75 m.施工期对城市生态环境的负面影响只是暂时的,而且可以通过施工管理将影响减少到最小.     

基于ANP和改进TOPSIS的城轨网络应急能力决策优化

应急能力决策优化是城市轨道交通网络应急管理中的关键问题。从防御、预警、救援和恢复4个方面,针对网络化运营组织的特点,系统分析城轨网络应急能力的影响因素,并利用网络层次分析法(ANP),建立影响因素间的关联关系,通过构建超矩阵,利用超级决策软件(SD)计算得到考虑关联关系的各影响因素客观权重。其次,将各因素客观权重加入逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)模型中,通过计算城轨网络中各线路的相对贴近度,构建城轨网络应急能力决策优化模型。结合具体算例指出城轨网络应急能力的关键影响因素,以及在应急能力方面存在的问题,并提出决策优化建议。     

An early warning method of landscape ecological security in rapid urbanizing coastal areas and its application in Xiamen, China

Based on the Pressure-State-Response (P-S-R) approach, an index system for landscape ecological security (LES) was suggested using three dimensions, six factors, and three weights. The indicators in the system were divided into two groups: spatial interpolation (acquired by the remote sensing data) and non-spatial interpolation (acquired by consultation with experts). According to data of 2003 and 2006, coupled with current tendencies, the early warning method was classified into four categories: security and degradation, sub-security and slow degradation, sub-security and rapid degradation, and insecurity. Our research with early warning method finds three interesting phenomena: (1) mean value of LES in 2003 was 0.586, indicating medium security; while in 2006 it was 0.650, an upper medium security. The LES level within each districts of Xiamen in 2006 was better than the level in 2003. In terms of LES, the comprehensive condition within each district of Xiamen in 2006 was enhanced compared with 2003. Overall, there was improvement in 80.5% of areas from 2003 to 2006, showing promising signs of positive development. (2) The LES of Xiang’an District and Jimei District were in stages of high early warning given that the percentage of land in these districts that showed symptoms of insecurity and degradation was 41.03 and 34.89%, respectively. (3) On the whole, the areas that showed notable signs of insecurity and rapid landscape, and which can already be identified as early warning areas requiring immediate attention, correspond closely with the distribution of coastal industrial parks in these regions. In conclusion, the consequences of rapid industrialization and urbanization are far reaching and affect local and regional ecological security.     

轨道交通列车内空气质量研究现状与展望

城市轨道交通因其运量大、效率高、能耗低等诸多优点,成为城市公共交通的主要方式,其中主要以地铁为主。虽然通勤者在地铁内停留时间短,但因列车及乘客的活动,其内自然通风不足,空气质量差,影响出行人员身体健康。研究表明：颗粒物（PM）、挥发性有机物（VOCs）和细菌是主要的空气污染物。其中,轨道交通颗粒物主要来源于列车与轨道之间的磨损,且颗粒物中金属元素含量丰富,遗传毒性较强。VOCs主要来源于地铁装饰物的挥发,细菌与真菌等主要受客流量、通风、温度等因素影响。此外,文章综合叙述了暴露于PM以外的各种空气污染物的健康风险。最后,指出进一步优化列车运行条件、开发先进的空气净化装置,是未来轨道列车空气质量研究与控制的方向。     

基于PEMS的柴油公交车排放测试分析

使用车载尾气检测技术PEMS对一辆在用国Ⅲ柴油公交车进行了实际公交线路运行时的气态污染物排放测试,统计得出了车辆运行速度、加速度、气态污染物排放速率、排放因子特性。分析结果表明公交车平均速度为18 km/h,96.9%的速度点落在0~40 km/h的区间段,99%的加速度点落在-1.5~1.5 m/s2的区间段。随着车速的增加,排气污染物排放速率增大,其中NOX排放速率增大显著。车速增大,污染物排放因子降低;低于30 km/h时,车速增大,排放因子降低显著,高于30 km/h时,排放因子随车速增大变化变缓。排放因子受排放速率和车速共同影响。污染物排放速率随加速度增大而增大,加速时的排放速率显著高于减速时的排放速率。研究结果说明,提高车辆运行速度、减少急加速,可以有效降低公交车尾气排放。     

RAPID ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS FOR THE DETECTION OF CARBARYL AND METHOPRENE IN GRAINS

In order for grain handlers and traders to reliably estimate residues of grain protectants in the field, antibody-based rapid tests were developed for carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate) and methoprene [isopropyl (E,E)-(RS)-11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate]. To complement the rapid analysis, a simple and rapid extraction technique was developed. In these tests, a pesticide-containing methanol extract of the grain sample and an enzyme-labeled component are added to precoated strips. After a brief incubation, the strips are washed and a substrate/chromogen for the enzyme is added. The color developed is stopped by acidification and the results are read either by eye or in a portable field photometer. The overall test time is under 20 minutes. For carbaryl, the test had a limit of detection of 4.5 ppb (1.1 ppm in grain), while the methoprene test had a limit of detection of 4 ppb (1 ppm in grain) based on the lower datum point, which is 15% inhibition, in the standard curves. Both assays can be used as a screening test for carbaryl and methoprene in animal feed grains.