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11.
Incentive-Based Conservation Programs in Developing Countries: A Review of Some Key Issues and Suggestions for Improvements 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Biodiversity conservation in developing countries has been a challenge because of the combination of rising human populations,
rapid technological advances, severe social hardships, and extreme poverty. To address the social, economic, and ecological
limitations of people-free parks and reserves, incentives have been incorporated into conservation programs in the hopes of
making conservation meaningful to local people. However, such incentive-based programs have been implemented with little consideration
for their ability to fulfill promises of greater protection of biodiversity. Evaluations of incentive-based conservation programs
indicate that the approach continually falls short of the rhetoric. This article provides an overview of the problems associated
with incentive-based conservation approaches in developing countries. It argues that existing incentive-based programs (IBPs)
have yet to realize that benefits vary greatly at different “community” scales and that a holistic conceptualization of a
community is essential to incorporate the complexities of a heterogeneous community when designing and implementing the IBPs.
The spatial complexities involved in correctly identifying the beneficiaries in a community and the short-term focus of IBPs
are two major challenges for sustaining conservation efforts. The article suggests improvements in three key areas: accurate
identification of “target” beneficiaries, greater inclusion of marginal communities, and efforts to enhance community aptitudes. 相似文献
12.
Baer SG Engle DM Knops JM Langeland KA Maxwell BD Menalled FD Symstad AJ 《Environmental management》2009,43(2):189-196
Vast areas of arable land have been retired from crop production and “rehabilitated” to improved system states through landowner
incentive programs in the United States (e.g., Conservation and Wetland Reserve Programs), as well as Europe (i.e., Agri-Environment
Schemes). Our review of studies conducted on invasion of rehabilitated agricultural production systems by nontarget species
elucidates several factors that may increase the vulnerability of these systems to invasion. These systems often exist in
highly fragmented and agriculturally dominated landscapes, where propagule sources of target species for colonization may
be limited, and are established under conditions where legacies of past disturbance persist and prevent target species from
persisting. Furthermore, rehabilitation approaches often do not include or successfully attain all target species or historical
ecological processes (e.g., hydrology, grazing, and/or fire cycles) key to resisting invasion. Uncertainty surrounds ways
in which nontarget species may compromise long term goals of improving biodiversity and ecosystem services through rehabilitation
efforts on former agricultural production lands. This review demonstrates that more studies are needed on the extent and ecological
impacts of nontarget species as related to the goals of rehabilitation efforts to secure current and future environmental
benefits arising from this widespread conservation practice. 相似文献
13.
采用气袋采样-GCMS分析法测定大气中丙醛等5种醛类恶臭物质,对Tedler等5种不同材质采样袋进行适用性研究。结果表明,Tedler 2号采样袋对低浓度醛类回收率影响最小,低浓度醛类在其中能稳定存放12 h,在PVDFs采样袋中低浓度醛类须在6 h内测定,高浓度醛类在Tedler 2号采样袋和PVDFs采样袋中能较稳定地保存24 h,24 h内的回收率在78%以上。 相似文献
14.
为探讨京津冀地区温室气体排放强度变化的影响因素,采用对数平均迪式分解模型及归因分析(LMDI-Attribution)方法,基于1996—2014年数据从细分行业角度进行研究。针对温室气体排放强度作产业结构、能源强度和排放因子三因素LMDI乘法分解,对温室气体排放强度变化的影响效应作归因分析,量化4个行业对分解因素影响效应的贡献,得到以下主要结论:1996—2014年京津冀地区温室气体排放强度主要呈现下降趋势,累计下降23.05%。其中,能源强度是温室气体排放强度下降的主导因素,其影响效应为-61.18%,对这一影响效应贡献最大的是工业,并且四大经济部门均通过能源强度在不同程度上使得温室气体排放强度有所减小,可见"阶梯电价"、"千家企业节能项目"、"十大重点节能项目"等相关政策在工业发展中对提高能源效率的作用明显。产业结构使得温室气体排放强度增加23.53%,其主要贡献者是工业,说明"工业产品出口退税率调整"等一系列政策的效果不明显;然而农业则使得温室气体排放强度降低,贡献值为3.09%。碳排放因子在1996—2014年间对温室气体排放强度的影响为60.47%,是京津冀地区温室气体排放强度增加的主要因素,说明京津冀地区的能源结构不合理。工业对这一效应的贡献最大为55.97%。可见,工业在京津冀地区的温室气体减排工作中起到最为关键的作用。 相似文献
15.
T. Neuparth R. Capela L. Rey-Salgueiro S.M. Moreira M.M. Santos M.A. Reis-Henriques 《Chemosphere》2013
Despite the extensive maritime transportation of Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS), there is a current lack of knowledge on the effects posed by HNS spills on the marine biota. Among the HNS identified as priority, acrylonitrile was selected to conduct ecotoxicological assays. We assessed the acute and subletal effects of acrylonitrile in seabass, followed by a recovery phase to simulate the conditions of a spill incident. The work aimed at testing a broad range of biological responses induced by acrylonitrile. Sublethal exposure to the highest two doses increased the fish mortality rate (8.3% and 25% mortality in 0.75 and 2 mg L−1 acrylonitrile concentrations), whereas no mortality were observed in control and 0.15 mg L−1 treatments. Additionally, important alterations at sub-individual level were observed. Acrylonitrile significantly induced the activities of Catalase– CAT and Glutathione S-Transferase – GST; and the levels of DNA damage were significantly increased. Conversely, Superoxide Dismutase– SOD – activity was found to be significantly inhibited and no effects were found on Lipid Peroxidation– LPO and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase – EROD – activity. Following a 7 d recovery period, the levels of CAT, GST and EROD fell to levels at or below those in the control. In the 2 mg L−1 group, SOD remained at the levels found during exposure phase. This study has gathered essential information on the acute and subletal toxicity of acrylonitrile to seabass. It also demonstrated that 7 d recovery allowed a return of most endpoints to background levels. These data will be useful to assist relevant bodies in preparedness and response to HNS spills. 相似文献
16.
Armitage HF Britton AJ Woodin SJ van der Wal R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(1):140-147
The potential of alpine moss-sedge heath to recover from elevated nitrogen (N) deposition was assessed by transplanting Racomitrium lanuginosum shoots and vegetation turfs between 10 elevated N deposition sites (8.2-32.9 kg ha−1 yr−1) and a low N deposition site, Ben Wyvis (7.2 kg ha−1 yr−1). After two years, tissue N of Racomitrium shoots transplanted from higher N sites to Ben Wyvis only partially equilibrated to reduced N deposition whereas reciprocal transplants almost matched the tissue N of indigenous moss. Unexpectedly, moss shoot growth was stimulated at higher N deposition sites. However, moss depth and biomass increased in turfs transplanted to Ben Wyvis, apparently due to slower shoot turnover (suggested to result partly from decreased tissue C:N slowing decomposition), whilst abundance of vascular species declined. Racomitrium heath has the potential to recover from the impacts of N deposition; however, this is constrained by the persistence of enhanced moss tissue N contents. 相似文献
17.
Kasper AC Berselli GB Freitas BD Tenório JA Bernardes AM Veit HM 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2011,31(12):2536-2545
The popularization of mobile phones, combined with a technological evolution, means a large number of scrap and obsolete equipment are discarded every year, thereby causing economic losses and environmental pollution. In the present study, the printed wiring boards scrap of mobile phones were characterized in order to recycle some of the device components, using techniques of mechanical processing, hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy. The use of the techniques of mechanical processing (milling, particle size classification, magnetic and electrostatic separation) was an efficient alternative to obtain a concentrated fraction (mainly iron in the magnetic fraction and copper in the conductive fraction) and another fraction containing polymers and ceramics. At the end of mechanical processing, a concentrated fraction of metals could be obtained with an average concentration of 60% copper. This concentrated fraction in metals was dissolved in aqua regia and sent to electrowinning to recover 92% of the dissolved copper. The obtained cathodes have a copper content above 95%, which demonstrates the technical feasibility of recovery of copper using the techniques of mechanical processing, hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy. 相似文献
18.
Domestic water conservation in arid climates can result in efficient utilization of existing water supplies. The impacts of
conservation measures such as the installation of water-saving devices, water metering and pricing schemes, water rationing
and public awareness programs, strict plumbing codes, penalties for wasting water, programs designed to reduce leakage from
public water lines and within the home, water-efficient landscaping, economic and ethical incentives are addressed in detail.
Cost savings in arid climates, with particular reference to Saudi Arabia, in relation to some conservation techniques, are
presented. Water conservation technology and tentative demonstration and implementation of water conservation programs are
discussed. 相似文献
19.
Disturbance regimes,resilience, and recovery of animal communities and habitats in lotic ecosystems 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Disturbance regime is a critical organizing feature of stream communities and ecosystems. The position of a given reach in
the river basin and the sediment type within that reach are two key determinants of the frequency and intensity of flow-induced
disturbances. We distinguish between predictable and unpredictable events and suggest that predictable discharge events are
not disturbances.
We relate the dynamics of recovery from disturbance (i.e., resilience) to disturbance regime (i.e., the disturbance history
of the site). The most frequently and predictably disturbed sites can be expected to demonstrate the highest resilience.
Spatial scale is an important dimension of community structure, dynamics, and recovery from disturbance. We compare the effects
on small patches (⩽1 m2) to the effects of large reaches at the river basin level. At small scales, sediment movements and scour are major factors
affecting the distribution of populations of aquatic insects or algae. At larger scales, we must deal with channel formation,
bank erosion, and interactions with the riparian zone that will affect all taxa and processes.
Our understanding of stream ecosystem recovery rests on our grasp of the historical, spatial, and temporal background of contemporary
disturbance events. 相似文献
20.
Recovery of lotic macroinvertebrate communities from disturbance 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
J. Bruce Wallace 《Environmental management》1990,14(5):605-620
Ecosystem disturbances produce changes in macrobenthic community structure (abundances, biomass, and production) that persist
for a few weeks to many decades. Examples of disturbances with extremely long-term effects on benthic communities include
contamination by persistent toxic agents, physical changes in habitats, and altered energy inputs. Stream size, retention,
and local geomorphology may ameliorate the influence of disturbances on invertebrates. Disturbances can alter food webs and
may select for favorable genotypes (e.g., insecticidal resistance). Introductions of pesticides into lotic ecosystems, which
do not result in major physical changes within habitats, illustrate several factors that influence invertebrate recovery time
from disturbance. These include: (1) magnitude of original contamination, toxicity, and extent of continued use; (2) spatial
scale of the disturbance; (3) persistence of the pesticide; (4) timing of the contamination in relation to the life history
stages of the organisms; (5) vagility of populations influenced by pesticides; and (6) position within the drainage network.
The ability of macroinvertebrates to recolonize denuded stream habitats may vary greatly depending on regional life histories,
dispersal abilities, and position within the stream network (e.g., headwaters vs larger rivers). Although downstream drift
is the most frequently cited mechanism of invertebrate recolonization following disturbance in middle- and larger-order streams,
evidence is presented that shows aerial recolonization to be potentially important in headwater streams. There is an apparent
stochastic element operating for aerial recolonization, depending on the timing of disturbance and flight periods of various
taxa. Available evidence indicates that recolonization of invertebrate taxa without an aerial adult stage requires longer
periods of time than for those that possess winged, terrestrial adult stages (i.e., most insects). Innovative, manipulative
experiments are needed in order to address recolonization mechanisms of animals inhabiting streams that differ in size, latitude,
disturbance frequency and magnitude, as well as the potential influence of early colonists on successional sequences of species
following disturbance. 相似文献