中美贸易与污染避难所假说的实证研究——基于内含污染的视角

使用非竞争型投入产出表,在考虑中间产品产生污染的情况下,通过计算中美双边贸易的内含污染,考察对外贸易对发达国家和发展中国家环境的影响,检验污染避难所假说是否成立.本文首先构造中美两国28个制造业的总污染强度,在此基础上计算1987-2004年中美制造业贸易的贸易内含污染条件指标,并分析中美制造业贸易的进出口内含污染的部门来源.研究发现,1992年之后,所有污染物的贸易内含污染条件值都大于1,这意味着美国从中国进口的污染强度要高于中国从美国的进口污染强度,中美双边贸易中,中国环境受损、美国环境获利,污染避难所假说成立.从部门结构上看,中国出口内含污染主要来源于塑料制品、机械设备和工业化学这三个部门,进口内含污染主要来源于工业化学、机械设备和交通设备这三个部门.     

Evaluating the potential of biodiesel (via recycled cooking oil) use in Singapore,an urban city

Singapore has pledged to attain 7–11% Business-As-Usual carbon emissions reduction by 2020. About 19% of CO₂ contribution stemmed from road transport in 2005. Commercial vehicles, which uses mainly diesel, consumed 695 million litres diesel in 2012. An estimated 115,585 tonnes or 127 million litres cooking oils (derived from seeds/fruits) were consumed in 2010, in which the bulk of used cooking oil is re-incorporated into the food preparation process while only a small amount is being recycled into biodiesel or disposed into the sewerage. Nevertheless, the present research reveals that biodiesel derived from spent cooking oil has potential to be a viable fuel supplement. Surveys were carried out involving three market segments – suppliers, processors and end-users – to identify the barriers and obstacles in mass production of biodiesel. A key enabler of biodiesel as a fuel supplement towards a greener environment lies in government mandate/policies in promoting greater biodiesel usage.     

Mechanical recycling of EOL concrete into high-grade aggregates

Recycling End of Life (EOL) concrete into high-grade aggregate for new concrete is a challenging prospect for the building sector because of the competing constraints of low recycling process cost and high aggregate product quality. A further complicating factor is that, from the perspective of the environment, there is a strong societal drive to reduce bulk transport of building materials in urban environments, and to apply more in situ recycling technologies for Construction & Demolition Waste. The European C2CA project investigates a combination of smart demolition, grinding of the crushed concrete in an autogenous mill to increase the liberation of cement mortar from the surface of aggregates and a novel dry classification technology called ADR to remove the fines. The feasibility of this recycling process was examined in a demonstration project involving 20,000 tons of EOL concrete from two office towers in Groningen, the Netherlands. Results show that the +4 mm recycled aggregate compares favorably with natural aggregate in terms of workability and the compressive strength of the new concrete, showing 30% higher strength after 7 days.     

Investigation of the hydrodynamic behavior of diatom aggregates using particle image velocimetry

The hydrodynamic behavior of diatom aggregates has a significant influence on the interactions and flocculation kinetics of algae. However, characterization of the hydrodynamics of diatoms and diatom aggregates in water is rather difficult. In this laboratory study, an advanced visualization technique in particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to investigate the hydrodynamic properties of settling diatom aggregates. The experiments were conducted in a settling column filled with a suspension of fluorescent polymeric beads as seed tracers. A laser light sheet was generated by the PIV setup to illuminate a thin vertical planar region in the settling column, while the motions of particles were recorded by a high speed charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. This technique was able to capture the trajectories of the tracers when a diatom aggregate settled through the tracer suspension. The PIV results indicated directly the curvilinear feature of the streamlines around diatom aggregates. The rectilinear collision model largely overestimated the collision areas of the settling particles. Algae aggregates appeared to be highly porous and fractal, which allowed streamlines to penetrate into the aggregate interior. The diatom aggregates have a fluid collection efficiency of 10%-40%. The permeable feature of aggregates can significantly enhance the collisions and flocculation between the aggregates and other small particles including algal cells in water.     

Properties of concrete paving blocks made with waste marble

Marble industry produces large amounts of waste marble - what causes environmental problems. In paving blocks based on two cement types we have partly replaced aggregate with waste marble. Physical and mechanical tests were performed on blocks so produced. The cement type turns out to be an important factor. Mechanical strength decreases with increasing marble content while freeze-thaw durability and abrasive wear resistance increase. Waste marble is well usable instead of the usual aggregate in the concrete paving block production.     

水稻土壤组分去除有机质和游离氧化铁后对As5+吸附解吸特征的影响

采用平衡液吸附法、NaCl解吸剂解吸法研究了名山河流域水稻土原土及各粒径组分去除有机质和游离氧化铁后对砷(As~(5+))的吸附解吸特性,同时运用热力学和动力学方法,研究了去除有机质、游离氧化铁后的土壤微团聚体(0.25~2 mm、0.053~0.25 mm、0.002~0.053 mm、0.002 mm)对砷(As~(5+))的吸附解吸过程。结果表明:1)同时去除有机质和游离氧化铁后,水稻土原土及各粒径组分对砷(As~(5+))的吸附量有所减小,吸附量从大到小依次为(0.002 mm)、0.002~0.053 mm、原土、0.25~2 mm、0.053~0.25 mm。砷(As~(5+))的动力学吸附量随时间延长而逐渐降低,60 min内反应迅速,在600min达到吸附动态平衡,动力学吸附以Elovich方程拟合最佳;2)等温吸附量随砷(As~(5+))的初始质量浓度增加逐渐增加,初始质量浓度0~100 mg/L时反应快速,在砷(As~(5+))初始质量浓度达到160 mg/L时吸附趋于饱和,等温吸附以Freundlich方程拟合最佳;3)易解吸量随时间和浓度的增加而增加,易解吸率顺序与吸附量顺序相反,易解吸率也随着有机质、游离氧化铁含量的减少而增加;4)去除土壤中的有机质、游离氧化铁后,砷的吸附减少量随时间和浓度增加而增加,吸附减少量与有机质、游离氧化铁去除量呈正比。     

建筑垃圾资源化处理工艺改进研究

在分析国内建筑垃圾分类及传统处理工艺现状的基础上,针对传统工艺存在的问题进行改进和优化。所设计的新型处理工艺流程从提高破碎比、改善筛分效果,增强骨料强度和降低扬尘4个方面进行了改进,重点为破碎后骨料的颗粒整形强化工艺、凝胶强化工艺、破碎喷淋除尘工艺。具体表现为:在通用处理流程的基础上,把破碎环节改进为筛分后再进行二次破碎,改进筛分为多次筛分,利用不同的筛分原理实现不同筛分效果;骨料形成后的回收环节增加凝胶喷淋提高骨料强度,弥补了当前处理工艺流程的不足,提高了建筑垃圾的处理效率及品质,可为建筑垃圾资源化处理提供参考。     

不同植被恢复模式对土壤有机碳分子结构及其稳定性的影响

为揭示不同植被恢复模式对土壤有机碳分子结构及其稳定性的影响机理,分别在浙江凤阳山国家级自然保护区的石梁岙和凤阳湖设置样地,采用13C核磁共振技术分析常绿阔叶林与杉木林、柳杉林与针阔混交林全土和不同粒级(0~0.5、>0.5~2.0、>2.0~5.0、>5.0 mm)土壤团聚体中有机碳的质量分数及其分子结构特征. 结果表明:①常绿阔叶林0~20 cm层全土w(有机碳)(12.84 g/kg)显著高于杉木林(9.98 g/kg),柳杉林(13.93 g/kg)显著高于针阔混交林(11.54 g/kg) (P<0.05). 不同植被恢复模式下,土壤团聚体w(有机碳)总体上均随着粒径的增大呈降低趋势. ②与杉木林相比,常绿阔叶林全土有机碳中w(烷氧碳)较高,w(烷基碳)、w(芳香碳)、w(烷基碳)/w(烷氧碳)、w(疏水碳)/w(亲水碳)则较低,显示常绿阔叶林全土有机碳稳定性较差;与针阔混交林相比,柳杉林全土有机碳中w(烷基碳)、w(烷基碳)/w(烷氧碳)、w(疏水碳)/w(亲水碳)较高,w(烷氧碳)则较低,显示柳杉林全土有机碳稳定性较好. 与0~20 cm层相比,不同植被恢复模式下>20~40 cm层全土w(烷氧碳)均明显降低,w(烷基碳)、w(烷基碳)/w(烷氧碳)、w(疏水碳)/w(亲水碳)均明显升高,有机碳稳定性变好. ③随着粒径的增大,不同植被恢复模式下土壤团聚体的w(烷基碳)、w(烷基碳)/w(烷氧碳)、w(疏水碳)/w(亲水碳)均呈降低趋势,w(烷氧碳)均呈升高趋势,说明团聚体结合的有机碳稳定性逐渐变差. 研究显示,不同植被恢复模式下的不同树种组成是影响土壤有机碳质量分数及其分子结构、稳定性差异的主要因素.      

建筑垃圾资源化处置技术及装备综述

介绍了国内外有关建筑垃圾资源化处置的相关工艺,并从分选除杂、破碎、筛分、整形强化四方面总结了建筑垃圾资源化处置技术与装备,分析其性能特点及应用范围,为我国相关工艺技术及装备的发展提供参考和借鉴。     

Responses of community to the possible use of recycled water for washing machines: A case study in Sydney, Australia

Recycled water is a valuable resource that has potential to free up potable water supplies and recharge systems while improving the environment. Recycled water for washing machine could be one of the options as new end use of recycled water to alleviate the demand on existing and limited water supplies. This paper summarizes the findings of a research survey in Sydney, Australia to explore the attitudes and opinions of community towards the use of recycled water for different purposes, especially for the washing machine. The survey showed that 97% of the respondents were aware of the persisting water shortage problem while more than 60% of the respondents supported the use of recycled water for washing clothes. This paper exposes the basic concern of participants for using recycled water in washing machine. Health issue was found as the most concerns of the community. The survey also presents the further conditions to be considered for using recycled water for washing machine according to the participants’ opinions. Correlation between knowledge and attitudes of respondents was also found in this survey.