关于宾馆行业环保设施验收监测的实践及思考

阐述了宾馆行业在环保设施竣工验收监测中应采取的关键步骤、运营过程中污染物的来源，提出了合理的监测因子和监测时段；同时从管理的角度，提出了验收监测应具备的基础条件。     

垃圾焚烧炉炉膛温度的影响因素

垃圾焚烧过程的不稳定会导致大量有害物质的生成,为确保垃圾的清洁燃烧需要将炉膛温度控制在850℃以上,为此测试了焚烧炉运行的主要可控参数对炉膛温度的影响。结果表明,垃圾堆放位置在垃圾池深3～8 m处,并经过6 d以上发酵脱水后适合焚烧;炉膛温度随给料量、一次风率和一次风温增加而增大,随过量空气系数增加而降低,其中给料量宜控制在95%～110%之间;当过量空气系数为1.6、一次风率为90%、一次风温为260℃、给料量为100%时炉膛温度达901℃。     

Challenges in assessing the toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to marine organisms: a case study on the acute toxicity of pyrene to the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)

The acute toxicity (96 h) of pyrene (PY) to European seabass (Dicentrachus labrax) juveniles assessed in a semi-static bioassay (SSB) with medium renewal at each 12 h, and in a static bioassay (SB) without medium renewal was compared in laboratorial conditions (water PY concentrations: 0.07-10 mg L⁻¹). Main findings in the SSB that assessed mainly the toxicity of PY and its metabolites were: increased levels of bile PY metabolites in good agreement with the profile of lipid peroxidation levels (LPO) in exposed fish relating PY exposure and oxidative damage; increased levels of PY-type compounds in the brain indicating their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier; increased levels of these substances in liver and muscle which are edible tissues for humans thus raising concern on potential adverse effects on consumers of fish from PY contaminated areas; a significant inhibition of glutathione S-transferase activity suggesting its involvement in PY detoxication as toxicant scavenger; finally, an almost complete impairment of the swimming velocity at all the PY concentrations linking sub-individual to higher population level effects. In the SB, where the overall toxicity of PY, its metabolites and environmental degradation products was evaluated, 19% and 79% of PY decay in test media was found at 12 and 96 h, respectively. In general, the effects were similar to those of SSB but with significant effects being induced at higher PY concentrations indicating that the parental compound is more toxic than its environmental degradation products. The other main differences relatively to the SSB were: increased levels of PY-type substances in the liver suggesting more accumulation in this organ. Therefore, these findings highlight the need of carefully considering experimental design options when assessing the toxicity of readily degradable substances to marine fish, and stress the importance of taking into consideration the toxicity of environmental degradation products in addition to toxic effects of the parental substance and its metabolites for marine ecological risk assessment.     

水污染治理工程的环境绩效审计

环境绩效审计的作用之一就是检查投入到环境治理上的资金到底发挥了多大的效益。本研究以五里湖综合整治工程效益审计案例为基础,提出环境效益评估的程序,将条件评估法应用于水污染治理工程项目审计案例中,分析了无锡市居民为改善水环境质量和对周边房产的支付意愿,并计算出五里湖水环境改善的效益和周边房产的增值效益。结果表明,综合整治工程实施后会带来可观的经济效益。最后,对条件评估法在政府环境绩效审计中应用存在的问题进行了讨论,以期为政府环境审计提供技术支持。     

环境影响后评价的最新进展与建议

结合《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》的有关条款,探讨了环境影响后评价的概念、分类、适用对象、意义和内容,提出了环境影响后评价的管理和实施程序.结合多年的实践,分析了目前环境影响后评价工作在理论、方法和管理上存在的问题,提出了改进和完善的建议.案例实践表明,开展环境影响后评价有助于提高环境影响评价制度的有效性.     

Estimation of thyroid doses and health risks resulting from the intake of radioactive iodine in foods and drinking water by the citizens of Tokyo after the Fukushima nuclear accident

The release of radioactive materials from the Fukushima nuclear power plant after the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011 poses health risks. In this study, the intake of iodine 131 (I-131) in drinking water and foods (milk, dairy products, and vegetables) by citizens of Tokyo was estimated. The effects of countermeasures (restrictions on the distribution of foods and the distribution of bottled water for infants) on reducing intake were also evaluated. The average thyroid equivalent doses without countermeasures from 21 March 2011 were 0.42 mSv in adults, 1.49 mSv in children, and 2.08 mSv in infants. Those with countermeasures were 0.28, 0.97, and 1.14 mSv respectively, reductions of 33%, 35%, and 45%. Drinking water contributed more to intake by adults and children than foods. The intake of I-131 within the first 2 weeks was more than 80% of the estimated intake, owing to its short half-life, indicating that rapid countermeasures are important in reducing intake. The average risks of cancer incidence and mortality due to I-131 for infants were estimated to be 3 × 10⁻⁵ and 0.2 × 10⁻⁵, respectively, lower than the annual risks of traffic accidents, naturally occurring radioactive material (potassium 40), and environmental pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles.     

Chorionic villus sampling: Analysis of fetal losses to delivery,placental pathology,and cervical microbiology

A population of 1639 patients were seen for chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Embryonic death was identified at ultrasound in 5.3 per cent of patients. The number of patients undergoing CVS was 1551, with 1416 transcervical procedures and 135 transabdominal procedures. The most common indication for CVS was advanced maternal age. Spontaneous pregnancy losses identified by increased risk of pregnancy loss with increasing aspiration attempts. The total fetal loss for this population was 5.4 per cent with the pregnancy loss estimated due to procedure being 1.2 per cent. Analysis of placentae from patients having CVS and amniocen-tesis showed no differences. Microbiological assessment prior to CVS was similar to previous publications.     

利用改进的模糊综合评判法综合评价环境质量

本文引入灰色系统理论关联度的概念,提出了一种改进的模糊综合评判法,并用于环境质量综合评价之中,经实例分析表明,评价结果较为客观、合理。     

让实验室测试值更贴近真实世界防护值——护听器的声衰减值评价方法讨论

本文介绍了护听器声衰减值的评价方法,对比了我国、ISO、欧洲EN、美国ANSI和澳大利亚新西兰AS/NZS标准中关于护听器声衰减值评价方法的差异。着重讨论在测试过程中,使用不同的受试者和护听器佩戴方式得出的检测数据与真实世界防护值的一致性情况。研究表明,使用"受试者自行佩戴"的方式测得的数据能更好地反映护听器在真实世界的防护性能。     

AHP—模糊综合评价法在离心泵安全评价中的应用

将模糊综合评价法与层次分析法相结合,建立基于AHP—模糊综合评价模型,并探讨基于AHP—模糊综合评价方法在离心泵安全评价方面的应用。根据离心泵系统的结构、实际运行情况、常见故障模型及历史故障数据建立安全评价指标体系,结合层次分析法确定矩阵权重值,确定单级模糊综合评价结果;利用上述评价结果,可以进行多级模糊综合评价,最后得出离心泵的安全等级。此外,应用Microsoft Visual Studio 2008软件开发工具和Matlab数学软件编制评价程序,提高实用性。