Industrial ecosystem evolution of North Karelia heating energy system

Within the emerging concept of industrial ecology (IE) that belongs to the research and practical field of sustainable development (SD), the natural ecosystem evolution over time has been described as a metaphor that presents systems of type I, type II and type III ecology. Type I describes a situation when there was little life on earth and plenty of resources. In type II, the ecosystem starts to develop material cycles and energy cascades between organisms and species due to increasing amount of life and emerging scarcity of resources. In type III, the mature ecosystem stage, the system actors have developed nearly completely cyclic flows of matter, energy cascades and diverse interdependencies between them. This paper uses the metaphor in the three systems to develop practical models of type I, II and III industrial ecosystems for an economic system of heating energy and its evolution over time. First, the physical flows of matter and energy are described by using two contrasting case system characteristics, 'throughput' and 'roundput'. Throughput means linear material and energy flows. Roundput means material cycles, energy cascades and sustainable use of renewables, i.e., ecosystem type III. Second, the more structural and organisational features are considered with the characteristic of 'diversity' meaning diversity in resources, human involvement and economic actors and technology used. The case system development over time shown with our practical model of type I–III is radically different from the ecosystem evolution as described in the literature on the industrial ecosystem metaphor of type I–III. This conclusion as a research result, however, is tentative, because of the fuzzy and vague meaning assigned to a metaphor and its confusion with a practical model of industrial development in the industrial ecology literature.     

Regional reports or structure plans? Opportunities for strategic planning in England and Wales

The British Government is proposing a new system of single‐tier development plans for England and Wales, with clear implications for the strategic level of planning. This paper considers a proposal by the Committee of Inquiry into Town and Country Planning set up by the Nuffield Foundation, for a revised strategic planning network which includes a ‘local strategy’. The paper considers the lessons to be drawn from the use of regional reports in Scotland since the early 1970s and concludes on a note of caution for the Government's proposals.     

The French new towns — Les Villes Nouvelle

The new towns programme in France can be said to have run its course and now is an opportune moment to look back at the programme and review the context, content and progress. The paper gives a general context within which the new towns developed from the time of the Third National Plan, and subsequent policies aimed to stem migration to Paris. Progress of the new towns is discussed and some of the problems and successes are highlighted.     

Stages in Dutch regional policy: 1945–1984

This paper discusses the major developments in regional policy in the Netherlands by relating the policy instruments and locations to stages in the socio‐economic and political development of the Netherlands from 1945 onwards. It concludes that, at present, the spatial dimension of economic policy has lost importance, and the support for peripheral regions is restricted.     

1994年华南城市水灾的经验教训

本文概述了1994年华南洪灾的情况,指出水灾反映出城市防洪中存在的有关问题,并总结了防洪成功的经验,作为今后的借鉴。     

Sustainable development in the Mediterranean region

Considering its specific economic, social, environmental and political features, the status and evolution of the Mediterranean have always been of great interest to its countries and concerned partners. From the protection of the sea against pollution, the interest was progressively expanded to land based development and its impacts on environment, to coastal management and finally to sustainable development with the establishment of the Mediterranean Commission on Sustainable Development (MCSD). Cumulated knowledge, coupled with political support and commitment to a common vision, has prepared the ground for the preparation of a regional strategy for sustainable development. Its preparatory process, coordinated by the MCSD Secretariat, has been very interactive, involving various stakeholders. The strategy, adopted in 2005, has raised awareness and induced the preparation of national sustainable development strategies.     

齐齐哈尔市城区“十一五”声环境质量变化趋势与评价及“十二五”声环境质量改善对策的研究

通过对齐齐哈尔市城区"十一五"期间区域声环境质量、道路交通声环境质量、功能区噪声数据的分析,揭示我市5年间城区声环境质量的变化,并论述了其变化的原因,提出了"十二五"期间改善声环境质量的对策。     

Detecting general plant functional type responses in fragmented landscapes using spatially-explicit simulations

Habitat loss and increasing landscape fragmentation are known to be key forces driving the ongoing loss of plant species diversity. While the combined effects of increasing isolation and decreasing population size have been studied intensively; it is less understood how plant population performance in heterogeneous landscapes is affected by changes in fragmentation alone.     

Uncertainty analysis of climate change mitigation options in the forestry sector using a generic carbon budget model

Industrialized countries agreed on a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. Many countries elected forest management activities and the resulting net balance of carbon emissions and removals of non-CO₂ greenhouse gases by forest management in their climate change mitigation measures. In this paper a generic dynamic forestry model (FORMICA) is presented. It has an empirical basis. Several modules trace C pools relevant for the Kyoto Protocol and beyond: biomass, litter, deadwood and soil, and harvested wood products. The model also accounts for the substitution of fossil fuels by wood products and bioenergy.     

区域尾水控制初探--以昆山市为例

该文提出了“三级控制、三级标准”的区域水污染控制模式 ,分析了区域尾水控制的定位及意义。对区域尾水控制的三种主要方式做了较为详细的对比分析 ,并针对昆山市实际情况 ,初步构建了昆山市尾水导流方案。