Inter-municipal cooperation for wastewater treatment: case studies from Israel

Since the beginning of the 1990s, local authorities in Israel have been engaged in promoting advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) projects throughout the country, resulting in the "wastewater treatment revolution" of the 1990s. These achievements are extremely important in the water-scarce country, as untreated or partially treated wastewater has become a major source of pollution of Israel's fresh-water resources, and reuse of high-quality effluents can expand the national water potential. Many of these projects are regional schemes based on a central WWTP, serving a few neighboring municipalities. This paper presents two case studies of such regional cooperation: the "Karmiel Region Union of Towns for Sewage Treatment" and the "Treatment and Reuse of Wastewater in the area of the Hadera Stream, Ltd." corporation. The findings suggest that regional cooperation can be an efficient tool in promoting advanced wastewater treatment, and has several advantages: an efficient use of limited resources (financial and land); balancing disparities between municipalities (size, socio-economic features, consciousness and ability of local leaders); and reducing spillover effects. However, some problems were reported in both cases and should be addressed.     

Regional economic disparities in Belgium and regional,national and supra‐national policies: an analysis of collective failure

Two kinds of regional disparities can be distinguished in Belgium. First there is the internationally well‐known dispute between Flanders and Wallonia. Secondly, there are large disparities within the regions. Three policy levels deal with these disparities: the (Flemish) regional level, the national government level and the EEC level. The purpose of this paper is to sketch the regional problems in Belgium, to analyse the policies that deal with them, to consider the co‐ordination problems between them and to shed some light on the public choice aspects of government interventions. It is concluded that regional policy in Belgium is a highly politicised affair. Furthermore public attention paid to regional policies has outgrown the importance of our regional disparities. Even other forms of micro‐economic policy are jeopardised by regional disparities and the resulting pressure.     

Potential coastal impacts of contemporary changing climate on South Asian seas states

The threat of man-induced global change on the nations of the South Asian seas region varies from place to place because of differences in exposure to monsoons and stoms, differences in local tectonics and subsidence, and variations in air and sea climates. Because several nations are involved, some having subsistence budgets, and given the cost of deriving independently a comprehensive response to global change, the similarities and differences between national settings must be identified soon. These comparisons will form the basis for local response strategies: the similarities provide a basis for responses similar to that of other nations and the differences provide for local adaptation. That climate change on the South Asian coastal region will have an impact is certain: its economics, environment, and coastal land uses are dominated to a certain extent by this marine influence. The extent of these impacts, however, is uncertain. Accompanying global change will be changes in sea level, differences in storm climate, and altered precipitation patterns; science cannot define today what pattern these changes will take. Because global change is inevitable—although its magnitude, timing, and geographic distribution are unknown—the South Asian seas region should begin the appropriate research and planning studies to set forth a reasoned response to global change, for implementation when scientific evidence for global change is more quantitative.     

Integrating forage,wildlife, water,and fish projections with timber projections at the regional level: A case study in southern United States

The impact of timber management and land-use change on forage production, turkey and deer abundance, red-cockaded woodpecker colonies, water yield, and trout abundance was projected as part of a policy study focusing on the southern United States. The multiresource modeling framework used in this study linked extant timber management and land-area policy models with newly developed models for forage, wildlife, fish, and water. Resource production was integrated through a commonly defined land base that could be geographically partitioned according to individual resource needs. Resources were responsive to changes in land use, particularly human-related, and timber management, particularly the harvest of older stands, and the conversion to planted pine.     

华南地区春季酸沉降区域源解析

应用IDNN区域源解析模式,处理了1986年2—8月间华南地区观测的酸雨样品,识别了春季广东、广西地区酸雨区域漂,结果得到,80％以上H⁺、50％SO₄^2-和60％NO₃^-来源于南岭以北地区。     

晋冀鲁豫接壤区“经济─环境”系统协调状态研究

本文用协调度中的发展协调度方法对晋冀鲁豫接壤区区域“经济──环境”系统的协调状态及调控进行了研究。在经济快速增长（GNP＞8％）的前提下，用2个权重相等的子系统，即生态环境质量综合评价值Sp和发展经济的投资环境综合评价值Tp所组成的协调度综合评价值Zp的计算值判断了该区域的“经济──环境”系统的协调状态为基本不协调状态，即随着经济的快速增长，生态环境有所恶化。从2个子系统的单项指标分析了生态环境有所恶化的原因并用环境经济学中的环境管理规划的基本原理从可持续发展的角度讨论了环境和经济发展的调控对策。     

建立区域ISO14000环境管理体系的构想

ＩＳＯ１４０００环境管理标准体系在区域环境管理方面的应用尚在探索阶段，通过对上海浦东金桥出口加工区建立ＩＳＯ１４０００环境管理体系的构想，讨论了区域环境管理体系的内容，特点、运行模式以及绩效分析；提出小政府大市场的体制下，以区内企业的意愿为基础；用物业是环式管理区域环境是切实可行的。     

区域滑坡地质灾害危险性评价与风险管理

<正>随着社会经济的飞速发展,人类生存空间不断向山区扩展,使得近年滑坡等山地灾害的发生越来越频繁,人们越来越认识到防范和减轻滑坡等地质灾害对社会经济发展的重要性,迫切需要寻求对滑坡地质灾害进行更为有效地控制和管理的现实途径。而区域滑坡地质灾害危险性评价是滑坡地质灾害风险评价和风险管理的基础,本文在这一领域做了有益的探讨,取得了以下主要成果:     

区域环评中生态适宜度分析指标体系的探讨

建立了应用于上海市城镇区域开发建设环境影响评价的生态适宜度分析指标体系,并以上海市2个城镇作为评价对象进行实例验证分析,结果表明与实际情况基本相符。     

浅析石化工业有害固体废物区域性管理及处理处置

石化行业工业有害固体废物处理处理，与发达国家相比仍处于起步阶段，集团公司应坚持经济与环境双赢，减量化，无害化，资源化的原则，对工业有害固体物实施全面，系统的管理，积极推行固体废物集中处置设施的区域化，规模化，有效地控制排污总量，真正带动和改善区域环境质量，树立石化企业良好形象。