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91.
Evaluators frequently cite the absence of effective participation by constituent governments and the need for consensus or even unanimity prior to action as the causes of poor performance by regional resource management institutions. Major governments either will not join the regional institution, will not participate even if legally members, or will exercise a veto over many important management projects.This paper examines the variables that may cause these problems and provides an improved understanding of why rational political actors would act in ways that inhibit the efficient management of resources. Among the principal variables determining participation are expected benefits of collective decisions, perceived losses of autonomy and representation, the number and homogeneity of other participants, decision costs, and the decision rule used to determine actions. Analysis of these factors suggests why consensus and unanimity decision rules are frequently chosen and why participation is usually limited. 相似文献
92.
In this paper, we explore how scenarios of future water withdrawals in a river basin are influenced by scale-dependent quantifications of the driving forces for two global-scale storylines. Either global-scale information or region-specific information is used to do the quantifications. In addition, we analyze the impact of including or not some restricted regional-scale information in the employed water use model. To develop scenarios of water withdrawals in the German part of the Elbe River basin, we applied the modules for domestic, thermoelectric power and manufacturing water use of the global water model WaterGAP, using scale-dependent driving forces scenarios and other scale-dependent model input. In the global-scale quantitative interpretations of the storylines of the IPCC SRES scenarios A1 and B2, all major driving forces of water withdrawals in the basin—population, thermoelectric power production and industrial gross domestic product—show vigorous increases between 2000 and 2025, while from the regional perspective, smaller increases but mostly decreases appear to be plausible. These discrepancies are partly due to the fact that for the global-scale interpretations only the historic developments until 1990 were taken into account, and not until 2000 as in the regional case. The resulting scenarios of sectoral water withdrawals in 2025 differ strongly between the two scale-dependent interpretations of the storylines, with the global one leading to much higher absolute water withdrawals and much lower withdrawal decreases between 2000 and 2025. Therefore, for regional assessments of water withdrawals, we recommend to embed the scenario analysis in global-scale storylines by performing regional-scale quantifications of the global qualitative driving forces scenarios, based on a limited amount of region-specific information. 相似文献
93.
Understanding the earth system requires that the two-way linkages between regions and the global system be well understood
and predictable. Most studies of global change are undertaken thematically across limited disciplinary boundaries; few are
attempted holistically across many disciplines within regions. The regional approach offers many advantages. Here a variety
of linkages associated with the regions of Southern Africa, South Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia are presented to illustrate
the power of a regional approach to earth system science. Major findings include the extent to which long-range transport
of aerosols and nutrients affect terrestrial and marine ecosystem functioning in and around southern Africa. Aerosol transport,
and the development of a regional haze layer, over South Asia are shown to alter significantly the radiative forcing of change
in the atmosphere over the region. Changes in land cover and use over East Asia over along period of time are shown to have
affected the strength of the monsoon circulation significantly. Finally, rampant economic development and globalization in
Southeast Asia are demonstrated to have been a significant driver of regional change.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
94.
95.
As a policy instrument for sustainable development, nationwide circular economy (CE) mode has been implemented for 7 years by the Chinese government, to overcome the dilemma among economic depression, energy shortage and environmental pollution. Unfortunately, few literatures contribute to checking the efficiency of regional CE and exploring the potential reasons in China, which will be practically helpful in guiding China's future development and providing reference for other developing countries that will adopt CE mode. Therefore, this paper puts forward the method of super-efficiency DEA window analysis to dynamically evaluate CE efficiency of 30 regions in China covering the period of 2005–2010. In line with the features of CE, the specific efficiency of three sub-systems, namely resource saving and pollutant reducing (RSPR) sub-system, waste reusing and resource recycling (WRRR) sub-system and pollution controlling and waste disposing (PCWD) sub-system, was assessed and compared regarding time series trend and spatial distribution, based on which, the comprehensive CE efficiency was totally ranked. The results show that, on the one hand, during the period of 2005–2010, Chinese CE efficiency slightly increased, implying a significant policy effect of CE; on the other hand, the efficiency of different sub-systems varies, with RSPR sub-system the lowest, and WRRR and PCWD sub-systems relatively higher. In terms of regional distribution, the efficiency of RSPR sub-system in the east area dominates during the whole period. However, for the other two sub-systems, from 2005 to 2007, the efficiency scores of the east fluctuate, then after 2007, the east area became more efficient than the central and the west areas. Throughout the study period, the RSPR sub-system in the central area stably maintains low efficiency, and so does the WRRR sub-system in the west area. The difference in regional efficiency of three sub-systems reflects the difficulty of carrying out CE policy in China comprehensively, which means that, promoting the adaptability of regional policy for local government and enhancing the coordination among various policies for China's central government are the key concerns for realizing sustainable development. 相似文献
96.
Mendoza-Cantú A Heydrich SC Cervantes IS Orozco OO 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(7):1706-1713
The oil industry is one of the main productive activities in Mexico and has a huge infrastructure, including a wide pipeline network that crosses urban, industrial, agricultural and natural areas. The threat of crude oil spills is greatest in those regions with a high concentration of oil extraction and refining activities, as in the case of the Coatzacoalcos and Tonalá Rivers Low Basin. This study ranked the geosystems of the basin in terms of vulnerability to pipeline crude oil spills. Very high vulnerability (level I) was assigned to the water bodies (lakes and rivers) and their margins of influence, including surfaces that flood during normal hydraulic load. High vulnerability areas (level II) comprised surfaces that can flood during extraordinary hydraulic load related with extreme hydrometeorological events. The remaining three vulnerability levels were defined for areas with low or negligible flooding potential, these were ranked according to physical (slope, relief and permeability), biological (richness, singularity and integrity) and socio-economic (social marginalization index and economic activities index) conditions. These results are presented on a map for better visualization and interpretation. This study will be useful to establish preventive and effective emergency management actions in order to reduce remediation costs and adverse effects on wild species. It also can help local and national authorities, oil industry and civil protection corps to better protect ecosystems, natural resources and human activities and goods. 相似文献
97.
We analyze the process of landfill diversion and its main determinants, by embedding the dynamics in a frame where economic, geographical and policy variables come into play. In addition to structural and economic drivers, we primarily investigate whether the Italian tax has been effective in supporting landfill diversion. Although the Italian landfill tax dates back to 1996, the oldest in the EU, its effectiveness in terms of landfill diversion has not been assessed yet. The complexity primarily derives from the decentralized regional implementation and the absence of a full coherent dataset covering all regions. We merge this new and original data on taxes to an integrated dataset which includes economic, waste and policy variables at regional level over the period 1999–2008. Panel regressions show that the effect of tax is significant, even when taking into account for its possible endogeneity. Regions that have increased such taxes have improved waste disposal performances over time. Landfill taxes are surely not the only instrument policy makers might introduce, but they seem to play a relevant role in the evolution of Italian waste disposal performances. 相似文献
98.
从灾害史料中,可以看出河南灾害的严重性,进而论述了河南省灾害区域成灾背景,最后针对河南省灾害现状,提出了减灾对策建议。 相似文献
99.
Major accidents have catastrophic effects on humans and all of society. To prevent the occurrence of major accidents, it is essential to strengthen the management of major hazard installations. Generally, effective identification and reasonable evaluation of major hazard installations are the basic steps in safety management. At present, the evaluation methods for major hazard installations mainly focus on consequence analysis and probabilistic analysis without considering the vulnerability of hazard-affected bodies. Therefore, the proposed method will introduce regional disaster system theory and comprehensively analyze hazard-formative factors, the hazard-formative environment and hazard-affected bodies to achieve a more complete and effective assessment of major hazard installations. Hazard-formative factors are evaluated based on the rapid ranking method, hazard-formative environments are evaluated based on Bayesian networks, and hazard-affected bodies are evaluated based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. A tank group and a chemical industrial park are used to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the new method. 相似文献
100.
Development of regional climate mitigation baseline for a dominant agro-ecological zone of Karnataka,India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P. Sudha D. Subhashree H. Khan G. T. Hedge I. K. Murthy V. Shreedhara N. H. Ravindranath 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(6):1051-1075
Setting a baseline for carbon stock changes in forest and land use sector mitigation projects is an essential step for assessing
additionality of the project. There are two approaches for setting baselines namely, project-specific and regional baseline.
This paper presents the methodology adopted for estimating the land available for mitigation, for developing a regional baseline,
transaction cost involved and a comparison of project-specific and regional baseline. The study showed that it is possible
to estimate the potential land and its suitability for afforestation and reforestation mitigation projects, using existing
maps and data, in the dry zone of Karnataka, southern India. The study adopted a three-step approach for developing a regional
baseline, namely: (i) identification of likely baseline options for land use, (ii) estimation of baseline rates of land-use
change, and (iii) quantification of baseline carbon profile over time. The analysis showed that carbon stock estimates made
for wastelands and fallow lands for project-specific as well as the regional baseline are comparable. The ratio of wasteland
Carbon stocks of a project to regional baseline is 1.02, and that of fallow lands in the project to regional baseline is 0.97.
The cost of conducting field studies for determination of regional baseline is about a quarter of the cost of developing a
project-specific baseline on a per hectare basis. The study has shown the reliability, feasibility and cost-effectiveness
of adopting regional baseline for forestry sector mitigation projects.
相似文献
N. H. RavindranathEmail: |