三种菊科入侵植物的生长与化学防御的关系研究

“生活史理论”认为,植物可利用的资源总量是有限的,在植物的不同功能之间存在着此消彼长的权衡关系。入侵植物的生长和化学防御一般优于本地植物,那么其生长与化学防御之间是否存在权衡及其权衡关系怎样,目前尚不清楚。以广东省3种菊科入侵植物[三裂叶蟛蜞菊（Wedelia trilobata （L.） Hitchc.）、飞机草（Eupatorium odoratum）和薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha）]为研究对象,并分别以近缘或伴生的本地植物[蟛蜞菊（Wedelia chinenses）、华泽兰（Eupatorium chinense）和鸡矢藤（Paederia scandens）]为对照,研究入侵植物的生长特性（相对生长率和比叶面积）与化学防御物质（缩合单宁和总酚）含量,并基于这2种光合碳分配的主要形式,探讨入侵植物生长与化学防御之间的权衡关系。结果表明：3种入侵植物的相对生长率均高于本地对照种;薇甘菊的比叶面积大于对照种,而其他2种无明显优势。薇甘菊和三裂叶蟛蜞菊的缩合单宁显著高于对照种,飞机草的总酚含量高于对照种。我们的结果显示,入侵植物的生长和化学防御均优于本地植物,但它们的碳同化能力相近;因此,入侵植物特殊的内在资源分配与利用机制可能是其成功入侵的关键。     

呼伦贝尔典型草原区植物生长旺季地上干物质量估算的地面光谱模型

为促进地面高光谱遥感在草地估产方面的应用,采用美国ASD公司生产的Fieldspec 3光谱仪,于2009年7月下旬在呼伦贝尔典型草原区进行了高光谱遥感地面观测试验. 运用单变量线性、非线性和逐步回归分析方法,建立植物生长旺季归一化植被指数(NDVI)与地上干物质量(ANPP)间的地面光谱模型. 结果表明,基于判定系数(R2)判断,线性函数和指数函数拟合较理想,R2分别达到0.729 5和0.720 3. 误差分析表明,标准误差(SE)最大的是对数函数,其SE为24.82 g/m2;最小的是幂函数,其SE为22.63 g/m2. 平均误差系数(MEC)最大的是对数函数,其MEC为0.249 7;指数函数最小,其MEC为0.193 2. 综合分析后,选用一元线性回归方程作为呼伦贝尔典型草原区的植物生长旺季最优地面光谱模型:ANPP406.08NDVI-101.64,其R2为0.729 5,SE为23.61 g/m2,MEC为0.220　9,P<0.001.      

矿井风险评价基本模型研究与探讨

提出风险的绝对值和相对值的概念,探讨了如何合成事故发生可能性和事故后果严重程度这两个指标,如何确定多个评价单元的评价对象的风险等级划分等问题。     

Relevant parameters for assessing the environmental impact of some pyridinium, ammonium and pyrrolidinium based ionic liquids

Several physico-chemical properties relevant to determine the environmental impact of ionic liquids - aqueous solubility, octanol/water partition coefficient, chromatographically derived lipophilicity and infinite dilution diffusion coefficients in water - were measured in ionic liquids based on pyridinium, ammonium and pyrrolidinium cations with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anions. The influence of the presence of hydroxyl or ester groups in the physico-chemical properties of these liquids was checked. It appeared that the presence of functional oxygenated moieties reduces the lipophilicity of ionic liquids and so decreases the risk of bioaccumulation in environment.     

Ecological Risk Assessment of Neem-Based Pesticides

Abstract

A tiered process was used to evaluate the risks of pure azadirachtin (AZA) and two neem-based insecticides (Neemix? and Bioneem?) on six aquatic animals [crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), water fleas (Daphnia pulex), and mosquito larvae (Culex quinquefasciatus)] through short term acute toxicity tests. The risk was calculated using the level of concern endpoints (Q values) and relative hazard index (RHI) for acute and chronic exposure scenarios. The Q values of Neemix?, Bioneem?, and pure AZA derived from acute exposure tests indicated that D. pulex is the only sensitive species to the test pesticides. Furthermore, the RHI values of Neemix? and Bioneem? for D. pulex were above the critical limit of 10 indicating that these pesticides may pose a moderate hazard to this species and related crustaceans in acute exposure scenarios. The RHI values of the two pesticides and pure AZA were all below the critical limit of 10 for P. clarkii, P. setiferus, P. pugio, C. sapidus, and C. quinquefasciatus. The aquatic risk assessment process showed that the risk values of tested pesticides did not exceed the criteria, and therefore, no ecological hazard is likely to result from their use.     

Food utilization and growth of cutworm Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae exposed to nickel,and its effect on reproductive potential

Food utilization and growth of the 5th and 6th instar Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae, and its effect on reproduction potential was evaluated by feeding larvae diets with different doses of Ni for 3 generations. Dose-dependent relationships between Ni levels and food consumption and growth were variable with different larval developmental period and Ni exposure duration. RCR, AD and RGR of the 6th instar larvae were much more affected by Ni exposure than those of 5th instar larvae, and the effects were strongest in the 3rd generation. It was found that RCR was significantly stimulated after 1 and 20 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure, while AD was significantly inhibited after 1, 5, 10 and 40 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure. However, lower levels of Ni (?5 mg kg⁻¹) significantly increased and higher levels of Ni (?10 mg kg⁻¹) significantly decreased RGR. In 3 successive generations, 10 mg kg⁻¹ Ni significantly increased the ECI and ECD of the 5th instar larvae, and 5 mg kg⁻¹ Ni significantly increased the ECD of the 6th instar larvae. However, ECD were all significantly inhibited with 20 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure. Results also revealed that durations of larvae were shortened at low levels of Ni, but extended at high levels of Ni. Fecundity was inhibited by the highest Ni doses in each generation, while improved by low Ni doses in the 3rd generation. Hatching rates in all treatments were significantly decreased in a Ni dose-dependent manner. Study indicated that effects of Ni on these parameters were predominant with the increasing Ni exposure period.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中微囊藻毒素质量控制指标研究

采用固相萃取－液相色谱法,通过统计全国多家实验室的测定数据,对水中微囊藻毒素测试的平行样测定相对偏差、空白加标回收率、实际样品加标回收率、空白加标回收率平行样相对偏差以及样品加标回收率平行样相对偏差5个质控指标进行了研究,并给出了质控指标评价标准,提出在概率P和γ均为0.90时,其平行样测定允许最大相对偏差应控制在7.3%;空白加标质量浓度为0.005~20 μg/L时,回收率的控制范围为61%~125%;样品测定浓度为未检出、加标质量浓度在0.2~3.6 μg/L时,实际样品加标回收率控制范围为66%~108%;空白加标、样品加标回收率平行样最大相对偏差应分别控制在3.9%和8.9%。在概率P和γ均为0.95时,其平行样测定允许最大相对偏差应控制在8.3%;空白加标质量浓度为0.005~20 μg/L时,回收率的控制范围为49%~137%;样品测定浓度为未检出、加标质量浓度在0.2~3.6 μg/L时,实际样品加标回收率控制范围为60%~114%;空白加标、样品加标回收率平行样最大相对偏差应分别控制在5.2% 和14.8%。     

广州地区大气能见度与颗粒物关系的初探

采用番禺大气成分站2007—2013年的能见度、颗粒物(PM1、PM2.5、PM10)及番禺气象局站的相对湿度(RH)资料,对颗粒物7年来的变化状况进行了分析。以RH为标准,将能见度和颗粒物数据分为RH≥90%、80%RH90%和RH≤80%3个部分,并以相关系数(R2)为判断标准,分别对其之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,PM10、PM2.5、PM1多年日平均值分别为56.6、43.0、38.5μg/m3,颗粒物值旱季高于雨季。当RH≤80%时,颗粒物与能见度的相关性最好,R2大小顺序为:PM10(0.47)PM2.5(0.57)PM1(0.58);当80%RH90%时,颗粒物与能见度的相关性次之,分别为PM10(0.4)PM2.5(0.46)PM1(0.49);当RH≥90%时,颗粒物与能见度的相关性较差。     

Beijing Tong Ren Tang Company Limited Scientific Research Institute, Beijing 100011, China

By dynamic method under UV irradiation,commercial melt-blown polypropylene(PPMB)filter element was modified with acrylamide(AAm)using benzophenone(BP)as initiator.Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope verified that polyacrylamide chain was grafted on the fiber surface of PPMB filter element.Elemental content analysis with energy dispersive X-ray of fibers revealed that the polymerization content in the inner part of filter element was relatively higher than that in the outer.Degree of grafting changed with initiator concentration,monomer concentration,reaction temperature and reached 2.6% at the reaction condition:C_(BP)=0.06 mol/L,C_(AAm)=2.0 mol/L,irradiation time:80 min,temperature: 60℃.Relative water flux altered with the hydrophilicity and pore size of filter element.In the antifouling test,the modified filter gave greater flux recovery(approximately 70%)after filtration of the water extract of Liuweidihuang,suggesting that the fouling layer was more easily reversible due to the hydrophilic nature of the modified filter.     

基于VEGETATION数据的区域生态系统质量评价之二——生产能力指数评价

区域生态系统生产能力指数是评价其生态功能的重要指标之一.文章构建了区域生态系统生产能力指数评价模型,并对中国1998～2004年间区域生态系统生产能力进行评价,发现中国各区域生态系统的生产能力在时空发布上差异巨大,在空间上呈现从西北往东南逐级变好的趋势,西北最差.在时间分异上,区域生态系统生产能力呈现明显的季节性发布,尤以北方地区最为明显.