皂化废水的资源化治理技术

采用预处理后与锅炉烟气联合治理，废水循环回用的工艺治理高浓度碱性皂化废水，使皂化废水作为一项资源得到了充分的利用，取得了较好的环境和经济效益。     

Land Use/Cover Changes, the Environment and Water Resources in Northeast China

Land use/cover in Northeast China went through extensive changes during the 1990s. This report explores the interaction between these changes and the environment, and the implication of these changes for rational allocation of water resources. Two maps of land use/cover produced from 1990 and 2000 Landsat TM satellite images were overlaid in ArcInfo to reveal changes in land cover. Results indicate that farmland and grassland decreased by 386,195 and 140,075 ha, respectively, while water, built-up areas, and woodland increased by 238,596, 194,231, and 192,682 ha, respectively. These changes bore a mutual relationship with the environmental change. On the one hand, climate warming made some of these changes (e.g., conversion of woodland and grassland to farmland) possible. On the other hand, the changed surface cover modified the local climate. These changes, in turn, caused severe environmental degradation and increased flooding. The change between dry field and rice paddy, in particular, raised severe implications for the proper allocation of limited water resources in the Northeast. Efforts are needed to coordinate their rational allocation to reap maximum and sustainable return over the entire area, not just in some localities. Results obtained in this study should be of interest to the international audience of Environmental Management in that they highlight the interactive nature of human activities and the environment and the off-site impact of these activities on the environment.     

论环境资源的有偿使用

本文分析了环境资源的稀缺性及其具有的使用价值,指出只有在资源分配中引入市场的价值规律,才能公平地、有效地使用环境资源,避免掠夺性的占用。文章呼吁研究建立我国环境资源及排污许可证的交易市场。      

水资源经济价值影响因素的分析

从自然、经济、社会和水环境4个方面定性分析了其对水资源经济价值的影响,并就这些因素所涵盖的主要量化指标实证分析了我国31个省市自治区水资源的经济价值,进而对如何提高水资源经济价值提出了若干建议,旨在促进水资源的可持续发展与利用,以及人与自然的和谐发展。     

基于压电传感板的建筑疏散照明技术

在当今世界,电力、能源和安全是人们日常生活的基本要求。为了应对日益增长的能源需求,最终的解决办法是实施可再生能源,然后将其用于人类的安全。可再生能源需要以它们各自正确的方式实施。研究基于压电传感器片的迈步发电装置,并演示了如何利用这些能量实现建筑物疏散照明。我们在传感器的下方和顶部分别固定了木板和可移动网螺栓,利用压电传感器系统,行人可以通过迈步向发电装置施加电能,另外,将硅凝胶粘贴在位于下部木板空洞中的所有传感器顶部。当有人踩到板上时,就会自动施加压力。在木板的顶部和底部设置了一个孔,以便随时调整在底部和顶板之间安装的可移动网螺栓。烟雾传感器用于启动灯光。使用这种设备,我们实现了建筑物疏散路径上的LED灯正常运行。结果表明,这种安全发电的设计和方法具有一定的实用价值,同时也满足了全球对能源的需求。     

Options for Change in the Australian Energy Profile

Climate change is occurring largely as a result of increasing CO₂ emissions whose reduction requires greater efficiency in energy production and use and diversification of energy sources away from fossil fuels. These issues were central to the United Nation climate change discussions in Durban in December 2011 where it was agreed that a legally binding agreement to decrease greenhouse gas emissions should be reached by 2015. In the interim, nations were left with the agreement reached at the analogous 2009 Copenhagen and 2010 Cancun meetings that atmospheric CO₂ levels should be constrained to limit the global temperature rise to 2 °C. However, the route to this objective was largely left to individual nations to decide. It is within this context that options for reduction in the 95 % fossil fuel dependency and high CO₂ emissivity of the Australian energy profile using current technologies are considered. It is shown that electricity generation in particular presents significant options for changing to a less fossil fuel dependent and CO₂ emissive energy profile.     

Planetary Stewardship in an Urbanizing World: Beyond City Limits

Cities are rapidly increasing in importance as a major factor shaping the Earth system, and therefore, must take corresponding responsibility. With currently over half the world’s population, cities are supported by resources originating from primarily rural regions often located around the world far distant from the urban loci of use. The sustainability of a city can no longer be considered in isolation from the sustainability of human and natural resources it uses from proximal or distant regions, or the combined resource use and impacts of cities globally. The world’s multiple and complex environmental and social challenges require interconnected solutions and coordinated governance approaches to planetary stewardship. We suggest that a key component of planetary stewardship is a global system of cities that develop sustainable processes and policies in concert with its non-urban areas. The potential for cities to cooperate as a system and with rural connectivity could increase their capacity to effect change and foster stewardship at the planetary scale and also increase their resource security.     

An Examination of Governance Arrangements at Kisakasaka Mangrove Reserve in Zanzibar

This study employs insights largely derived from critical reflections on the common pool resources (CPR) theory to examine the current governance arrangements in place to manage the mangrove forest at Kisakasaka, in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Kisakasaka was used as a site for a community-based management pilot project of forest resources in Zanzibar. After some initial success in setting up a local management structure and regulating access to the mangrove for mainly charcoal production, there are now clear indications that forest conditions have deteriorated dramatically with concomitant ongoing resource use problems for local villagers who have relied heavily on forest resources as a source of cash income. Extra-local factors, such as urban population increases and associated market pressures for charcoal, are also conjectured to overlay and interact with the institutional problems at Kisakasaka. As a result, over concern about the deterioration in the condition of the mangrove forest, the responsible government authority decided not to renew the community-based governance arrangements after an initial five-year pilot period. While revealing the inadequacies of existing governance arrangements and of its relationship to deteriorating forest conditions at Kisakasaka, this study concludes by suggesting an approach to more fully understand forces driving local resource management and use.     

International policies on the economic resources of the deep-seabed

The resources of the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction were declared the ‘common heritage of mankind’ by the United Nations General Assembly. This article discusses the mineral resources located in this area and how the commercial availability of such resources was perceived to affect national interests. Although the exploitation of these resources would have benefited all states, some more than others, such exploitation was seen to have conflicting consequences on national interests in the light of the North-South dialogue in which trade and access to raw materials played a central role. The factual basis for these different national interests is examined by a discussion of the possible impact of mineral production from the deep-seabed on world markets and the policies implemented in the Convention on the Law of the Sea to ensure these interests are evaluated.     

我国西部地区水资源问题与对策

我国西部地区水资源短缺、水土流失等问题严重制约了该地区的经济发展。如何合理开发利用有限的水资源,促进西部地区的可持续发展已成为当务之急。本文分析了西部地区的水资源现状,并提出旨在促进西部地区水资源可持续利用的对策。