高寒地区雷达装备保障问题研究

目的研究破解高寒地区雷达装备保障问题的对策。方法采取查阅文献、实地查看、实装操作等方法分析研究高寒地区环境对雷达装备保障的影响。结果从打牢基础、精心保障;未雨绸缪、超前保障;紧贴实战、专项保障;机关指导,高效保障四方面,提出了破解高寒地区雷达装备保障问题的对策。结论高寒地区环境因素影响降低了雷达装备环境适应性,降低了其原有的作战效能。研究分析结果将对预防高寒地区雷达装备故障、延长装备服役年限,提高装备保障水平和作战能力,有着重要的现实意义。     

有机物渗透管的研制

介绍了用Wh聚四氟乙烯膜作为渗透材料制作有机物渗透管的方法,并且针对所研制的渗透管的特性、影响渗透率的主要因素及渗透率的稳定性等方面进行了探讨.     

宜昌市城区灰霾天气成因分析研究

从灰霾天气形成的可能影响因素出发,根据长期的气象和环保观测资料,将近10年来宜昌市城区逆温层与等温层、降水日、风速风向、环境空气质量优良天数、可吸入性颗粒物(PM10)年均值、二氧化硫(SO2)年均值、二氧化氮(NO2)年均值的观测值与灰霾日观测值进行相关分析,并分析了宜昌市城区环境污染的气象化学作用,揭示出宜昌市城区灰霾天气成因主要是与不利扩散和降解的气象化学作用有关,与目前环境空气质量监测的PM10、SO2、NO2三个指标无明显相关关系,而与细粒子、气溶胶污染有关。     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.     

水生态系统健康评价研究进展

河湖水环境管理与生态系统健康评价密切相关,水生态系统健康评价是目前水环境管理重要的技术手段之一,可为合理开发利用水资源和水环境生态恢复提供科学指导,对水生态环境监测和管理具有重要意义。列举当前国内外研究河湖水生态系统健康的方法与技术,通过对比分析国内外河湖水生态系统健康评价的评价指标和优缺点,总结了常用的几种评价方法并展开评述,提出未来河湖生态管理的发展方向,为推进水环境治理等工作提供相应的参考。     

西藏高原草地生态系统及其生态修复研究

文章在查阅相关文献的基础上,开展实地考察、咨询专家学者和有关管理部门,对西藏高原草地研究进行梳理归纳形成了4个时段;同时评析了不同调查结果的西藏草地面积,认为第二次西藏草原普查的8 820.15×104hm2比较符合现状;对西藏高原草地生态系统目前面临的最大问题—草地退化进行了探究,截至2012年,西藏天然草地退化面积...     

关于水污染物总量控制研究进展及问题分析

水污染物浓度控制和排放总量控制是水质达标管理的前提。本文将其和水污染物的总量控制发展进程相互结合,对实施应用和理论完善以及深入探讨等阶段的进展进行阐述,介绍污染物总量控制实施时的总量分配和入河控制等相关技术细节,得到总量控制的实施优点,最后明确控制污染物总量的具体意义。     

污染土壤修复技术研究现状与趋势

生态保护工作的发展包括环境保护和污染治理两个方面,为了保证生态环境的健康发展,必须要同时做好这两方面工作。在污染治理过程中土壤修复是重要的治理内容,也是污染治理的重要研究方法。本文主要对污染土壤修复技术研究现状进行分析,并对其未来的发展趋势进行预测。     

CDC's research portfolio in older adult fall prevention: a review of progress, 1985-2005, and future research directions

PROBLEM: Falls are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among adults age 65 and older. Population models predict steep increases in the 65 and older population bands in the next 10-15 years and in turn, public health is bracing for increased fall rates and the strain they place on health care systems and society. To assess progress in fall prevention, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a research portfolio review to examine the quality, relevance, outcomes and successes of the CDC fall prevention program and its impact on public health. METHODS: A peer review panel was charged with reviewing 20 years of funded research and conducting a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis for extramural and intramural research activities. Information was collected from grantees (via a survey instrument), staff were interviewed, and progress reports and products were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: CDC has invested over $24,900,000 in fall-related research and programs over 20 years. The portfolio has had positive impacts on research, policies and programs, increasing the public health injury prevention workforce, and delivering effective fall prevention programs. DISCUSSION: Public health agencies, practitioners, and policy makers recognize that while there are some evidence-based older adult fall prevention interventions available, many remain unused or are infeasible to implement. Specific recommendations across the public health model, include: additional research in gathering robust epidemiologic data on trends and patterns of fall-related injuries at all levels; researching risk factors by setting or sub-population; developing and testing innovative interventions; and engaging in translation and dissemination research on best practices to increase uptake and adoption of fall prevention strategies. CDC has responded to a number of suggestions from the portfolio review including: funding translation research of a proven Tai Chi fall intervention; beginning to address gaps in gender, ethnic, and racial differences in falls; and collaborating with partner organizations who share in CDC's mission to improve public health by preventing falls and reducing fall-related injuries. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Industry has an opportunity to develop more accessible and usable devices to reduce injury from falls (for example, hip protectors and force reducing flooring). By implementing effective, evidence-based interventions to prevent falls and reduce injuries from falls, significant decreases in health care costs can be expected.     

A long-term survey on anthropogenic impacts to the water quality of coral reefs, southern Taiwan

Before 2001, the ecological protection area in the Kenting National Park (KTNP), southern Taiwan, was poorly described. In this study, a set of four-year data (2001-2004) of seawater qualities at 19 sampling sites around the Nanwan Bay in the KTNP was used to explore anthropogenic impacts to ecological environment, especially coral reefs. The parameters of water quality were analyzed immediately after collection. The results showed that higher values of nutrients and suspended solids were attributed to the higher run-off around Nanwan Bay. The fluxes of nutrients and suspended solids were consistently correlated to rainfall. Hence, equations were developed to calculate nutrient fluxes and suspended solids by using only rainfall data. Our results show that suspended solids and ammonia were the dominant factors leading to the drop in coral coverage. In summary, the water quality in the intertidal zone of Nanwan Bay has been degraded and required greater attention.