Processing and mechanical properties of biodegradable Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate)-starch compositions

Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) is a completely biodegradable thermoplastic polyester produced by microbial fermentation. The current market price of PHBV is significantly higher than that of commodity plastics such as polyethylene and polystyrene. It is therefore desirable to develop low-cost PHBV based materials to improve market opportunities for PHBV. We have produced low-cost environmentally compatible materials by blending PHBV with granular starch and environmentally benign CaCO₃. Such materials can be used for specific applications where product biodegradability is a key factor and where certain mechanical properties can be compromised at the expense of lower cost. The inclusion of granular starch (25 wt%) and CaCO₃ (10 wt%) in a PHBV matrix (8% HV, 5% plasticizer) reduces the cost by approximately 40% and has a tensile strength of 16 MPa and flexural modulus of 2.0 Gpa, while the unfilled PHBV/plasticizer matrix has a tensile strength of 27 MPa and a flexural modulus of 1.6 GPa.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

气候变化对水稻虫害的影响

气候变化对水稻虫害的影响李淑华（中国农科院农业气象研究所，北京１０００８１）摘要温室效应引起的气候变化，将会对水稻害虫的繁殖代数、越冬界限、迁飞规律等生态学特征产生一定的影响。从而造成害虫在田间的危害时间延长，发生程度加重的趋势，应引起广泛的重视。主...     

杂交水稻高产稳产施肥技术研究——Ⅰ.施肥量研究

本文研究了高产杂交水稻的施肥量,通过回归分析建立的土壤养分自然供给量与土壤速效养分含量之间的双曲线方程和水稻产量与养分吸收量之间的幂函数方程,阐明了土壤养分自然供给量随土壤养分含量的变化而变化的规律和水稻产量与养分吸收量之间的关系。同时,介绍了根据土壤养分含量测定值和由这两个方程演算而得的值,运用公式计算水稻计划产量的施肥量的方法,为高产水稻的计量施肥提供了参考依据。     

淀粉基黄原酸盐处理重金属废水的条件优化研究

采用淀粉基黄原酸盐处理含重金属的电镀废水 ,对淀粉基黄原酸盐的用量、pH值和反应时间等条件进行了研究。结果发现 ,1L含氰电镀废水 (含Cr3+15mg/L、Cu2 +3mg/L、Ni2 +9.2mg/L和Zn2 +6mg/L) ,加入 1g淀粉基黄原酸盐 ,调节 pH为 8,搅拌 1h ,过滤 ,处理后的废水中Cr3+、Cu2 +、Zn2 +和Ni2 +残余浓度分别为 0 .0 8mg/L、0 .0 1mg/L、0 .1mg/L和 0 .0 8mg/L。含有重金属盐的残渣 ,可用硝酸处理 ,以回收重金属     

氮钾配合施用对亚种间杂交水稻养分吸收及产量影响的研究

氮促进亚种间杂交稻的分蘖和对磷、钾的吸收,钾也能促进氮、磷的吸收,但对分蘖似有抑制的趋势。稻株各生育期氮、磷、钾含量以分蘗盛期最高。随后迅速下降,至幼穗形成期下降速率减缓。齐穗后,累积在茎、叶的氮、磷大部分向穗部转移,而钾则很少运送到穗部。每生产100kg稻谷约需吸收1.71kg N、0.77kg P_2O_5、2.30kg K_2O,三者比例为1:0.45:1.35。氮、钾配合施用的增产效果大于单施氮或钾的效果;在施用量为82.5kg N ha~(-1)和75.0kg K_2O ha~(-1)的基础上,增施氮肥或钾肥,其增产效果相近,表明在施用适量氮肥的前提下,亚种间杂交稻对钾的反应甚为敏感。     

玉米淀粉废水短程硝化快速启动及其稳定性

采用SBR反应器,以玉米淀粉企业废水处理站厌氧段出水(C/N 0.93~1.53)为对象,研究了利用高温、高pH和低DO等抑制因素,快速启动短程硝化的方法;针对启动的短程硝化系统,进一步研究了取消高pH及高温抑制因素后系统短程硝化的稳定性及其控制策略.结果表明,控制温度为(30±1)℃、pH为7.8~8.2、正常硝化段DO为0.7~1.0 mg·L~(-1),同时结合pH和DO参数对硝化过程的在线控制,可以经过17个周期的驯化培养,快速启动短程硝化(NO_2~--N积累率超过80%);对于已启动的短程硝化系统,取消对高pH及高温的限制,在碱度充足、温度为23~24℃和正常硝化段DO为0.7~1.0 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,并结合对硝化过程的在线控制,最终可以获得NO_2~--N积累率超过98%的短程硝化长期稳定运行.先采用高温、高pH和低DO等抑制因素快速启动短程硝化,然后再取消对系统高pH及高温限制的控制策略,对于具备较高氨氮浓度和较高温度的现场玉米淀粉废水实现长期稳定的短程硝化具有现实意义.     

Comparison of in vitro digestion methods for determining bioaccessibility of Hg in rice of China

Rice consumption can be a major pathway for mercury(Hg) exposure, which can cause health hazards to Chinese residents. To accurately assess the potential health risks, the bioaccessibility of Hg in rice samples collected at background and Hg-contamination sites was examined using four in vitro methods. The results showed that 50% of the total mercury(THg) was bioaccessible in the studied rice samples. The THg bioaccessibility in the rice samples collected at the Hg-contaminated site was higher than that observed at the background area. The bioaccessibility of arsenic(As) and cadmium(Cd) was also evaluated for comparison of the four in vitro methods used in this study. The Physiologically Based Extraction Test was found to be the most accurate method based on the consistency of the results compared to those reported in previous studies. The estimated daily intakes of THg via rice consumption using the bioaccessibility data were found to meet the recommendation value set by the JECFA and the WHO in both sites. However, the potential health risk was not negligible at the Hg-contaminated sites, due to the high THg concentration and bioaccessibility in the rice samples.     

Rapid evaluation of arsenic contamination in paddy soils using field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Arsenic (As) in paddy fields is deteriorating food security and human health through rice ingestion. Rice is the dominant food source of arsenic exposure to half of the world''s population. Therefore, an in situ effective method for As risk evaluation in paddy soil is strongly needed to avoid As exposure through rice ingestion. Herein, we developed a rapid analytical methodology for determination of As in plant tissues using field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (FP-XRF). This method was applied to rice roots in order to evaluate the As contamination in paddy soils. The results showed that rice roots with iron plaques were superior to rhizosphere soils for generating FP-XRF signals, especially for field sites with As concentrations lower than the soil detection limit of FP-XRF (30.0 mg/kg). Moreover, the strong linear relationships of As concentrations between the rice roots and corresponding leaves and grains proved that the rice root, rather than the soil, is a better predictor of As concentrations in rice grains. The research provides an efficient As monitoring method for As contaminated paddy fields by using wetland plant roots with iron plaques and XRF-based analytical techniques.     

微波合成淀粉基可生物降解抑尘剂的特性研究

改性后的淀粉与单体A,单体B和高分子聚合物C在微波反应条件下,接枝共聚制得的抑尘剂黏度为4.766 8 m Pa·s,渗透速度保持在0.03 cm/s左右。该抑尘剂具有很好的保湿性和耐高温性能,在室温(20℃)下喷洒100 h后土样仍含有20%的水分,60℃下放置2 h失水率仅为60%。喷洒抑尘剂的土样表面形成的固结层在模拟自然降雨冲刷0.5 h后,仍保持连续完整的形态。XRD,FTIR测试分析表明,单体A,单体B和高分子聚合物C都接枝到改性淀粉上,反应过程发生在淀粉的部分结晶区;喷洒抑尘剂的土壤固结层结构致密,固结层下土壤颗粒发生了凝并。     

Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on Enzymatic Degradation

Octenyl succinate starch of degree of substitution (ds) 0.03, 0.07, and 0.11 was synthesized in an aqueous medium. These compounds were then tested for the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. The multiple-enzyme regime of -amylase, amyloglucosidase, and pullulanase was chosen for the evaluation. This combination of enzymes had been proven to degrade 99.5% of unmodified starch to glucose and hence was chosen for this study. It was found that even small amounts of subsituent caused a considerable decrease in the extent of degradation. The net extent of degradation decreased with increasing ds. Surprisingly, the amount of glucose from all three substituted substrates was quite similar, suggesting the effect small amounts of subtituent had on the enzymatic activity.