Synthesis of lignin-based copolymer LSAA and the application on controlling non-point source pollution (NPS) resulted from surface runoff

In this article, alkali lignin separated from paper pulp waste was grafted into a novel copolymer LSAA (a copolymer of lignin, starch, acrylamide and acrylic acid). Its practical application effect and environmental safety were studied. The results of field simulation experiment indicated that the application of LSAA significantly affected the output of the runoff and pollutants. The runoff quantity was decreased by 16.67%-47.00% and the loads of total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were reduced by 17.78%-62.14%, 26.32%-59.91%, 26.67%-42.86%, and 22.18%-52.78%, respectively. Tests on its environmental safety showed that LSAA did no harm the soil. Compared with polyacrylamide (PAM), a dominant product in this field, LSAA exhibited similar effects and cheap cost. Thus, this study not only created a new product for controlling runoff water quality but also offered a beneficial application for industrial paper waste.     

清洁生产审核在淀粉企业的应用

清洁生产是企业可持续发展的必由之路,清洁生产审核是企业实现清洁生产最成熟最有效的手段。在对某淀粉企业进行清洁生产审核中,针对行业特点,结合企业自身情况,提出并实施无／低费方案20项,中／高费方案5项。取得了良好的效益,在改善厂区环境的同时,每年可节水64500吨,节电约31万度,减少废水排放48000吨。该企业初步实现了在提高企业自身资源回收利用能力的同时,达到经济、环境和社会效益的统一,为淀粉企业今后的清洁生产审核积累了经验。     

Carbon-14 transfer into rice plants from a continuous atmospheric source: observations and model predictions

Carbon-14 ((14)C) is one of the most important radionuclides from the perspective of dose estimation due to the nuclear fuel cycle. Ten years of monitoring data on (14)C in airborne emissions, in atmospheric CO(2) and in rice grain collected around the Tokai reprocessing plant (TRP) showed an insignificant radiological effect of the TRP-derived (14)C on the public, but suggested a minor contribution of the TRP-derived (14)C to atmospheric (14)C concentrations, and an influence on (14)C concentrations in rice grain at harvest. This paper also summarizes a modelling exercise (the so-called rice scenario of the IAEA's EMRAS program) in which (14)C concentrations in air and rice predicted with various models using information on (14)C discharge rates, meteorological conditions and so on were compared with observed concentrations. The modelling results showed that simple Gaussian plume models with different assumptions predict monthly averaged (14)C concentrations in air well, even for near-field receptors, and also that specific activity and dynamic models were equally good for the prediction of inter-annual changes in (14)C concentrations in rice grain. The scenario, however, offered little opportunity for comparing the predictive capabilities of these two types of models because the scenario involved a near-chronic release to the atmosphere. A scenario based on an episodic release and short-term, time-dependent observations is needed to establish the overall confidence in the predictions of environmental (14)C models.     

淀粉微球对苯酚的吸附性能研究

以可溶性淀粉为原料,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)为交联剂,通过反相悬浮聚合得到淀粉微球作为吸附载体,研究了pH、吸附时间、温度对其苯酚吸附性能的影响,以及淀粉微球吸附苯酚的热力学和动力学特性,并利用扫描电镜仪、红外光谱仪对淀粉微球的结构进行了表征。结果表明,淀粉微球粒度分布均匀,表面粗糙多孔,具有相当大的孔容积和比表面积,具有较好的吸附性能;在20℃、pH为5.3时,吸附30 min后,淀粉微球对苯酚的吸附容量达到饱和,最大吸附量为18.71 mg/g;采用准二级吸附动力学方程能更好地描述淀粉微球对苯酚的吸附行为,淀粉微球对苯酚的吸附是以化学吸附为主控步骤的作用过程,淀粉微球对苯酚的吸附主要是通过氢键作用来完成的。     

Reducing ammonia emissions and volatile fatty acids in poultry litter with liquid aluminum chloride

This study was a pen trial in which the effects of adding different rates of liquid aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) on litter pH, total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and ammonia (NH₃) fluxes was evaluated. Liquid AlCl₃ treatments used in this study were sprayed on the rice hull surface at rates of 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g liquid AlCl₃/kg rice hulls; untreated rice hulls served as controls. Litter pH, total VFAs, and NH₃ fluxes were all lowered (P< 0.05) by all of the liquid AlCl₃ treatments compared with controls during certain times of the 5 week study. However, there were no significant differences among treatments on litter pH at the end of the study (from 3 to 5 weeks) or NH₃ fluxes at beginning of the study (0 to 3 weeks). Total VFAs were reduced 16 %, 29 %, and 53 % by 100 g liquid AlCl₃/kg rice hulls, 200 g liquid AlCl₃/kg rice hulls, and 300 g liquid AlCl₃/kg rice hulls, respectively. Liquid AlCl₃additions reduced NH₃ fluxes by 35 %, 57 % and 67 %, respectively, at the low, medium and high rates. In summary, these results indicate that adding liquid aluminum chloride to rice hulls would be a useful tool in reducing the negative environmental impact of poultry litter. It should be noted that the decreased VFA production and NH₃ volatilization was chiefly associated with reduction in litter pH.     

玉米淀粉生产废水处理工程设计与实践

通过奋达淀粉有限公司生产废水的处理工程实践，介绍厌氧-二次氧化工艺处理高浓度玉米淀粉生产废水的调试运行情况，运行结果表明：在进水CODCr为3800mg／L、SS在200mg／L、pH为4～5。处理后水质CODCr〈100、SS〈70、pH为6-9，达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）一级标准。     

Agricultural Application and Environmental Degradation of Photo-Biodegradable Polyethylene Mulching Films

Photo-biodegradable polyethylene (PBD-PE) films containing starch have been developed and used in agriculture. They are better able to raise temperature, preserve moisture, and raise yield than common polyethylene films, and they can be degraded environmentally after finishing these functions. The photo-biodegradation induction periods of four kinds PBD-PE films range from 46 to 64 days, which basically satisfies the needs of agricultural cultivation. All PBD-PE films can be degraded to Stage V, in which almost no film exists on the surface of the ridges 2–3 months or so after the induction periods. The PBD-PE films buried in soil have also good degradability.     

Assessment of different carbon and salinity level on growth kinetics,lipid, and starch composition of Chlorella vulgaris SAG 211-12

ABSTRACT

The quality of microalgal biofuel depends on the fatty acid (FA) distribution. A high ratio of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) favors better biofuel characteristics. Palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) are essential FAs for required biodiesel quality. In this study, combined effects of growth medium concentrations of NaCl, glucose and glycerol on cell composition and FA profile of the Chlorella vulgaris SAG 211–12 were investigated. A central composite design (CCD) based design of experiments (DoE) was used for experimental setup. According to experimental results, the maximum mass fraction for palmitic acid (C16:0), 40.67% of total fatty acids, was obtained in the medium supplemented with 0.9% (w/v) NaCl, 0.3% (w/v) glucose, and 0.3% (w/v) glycerol, whereas stearic acid (C18:0) percentage reached the highest value of 22.16% of total fatty acids in the presence of 2.5% NaCl, 0.6% glucose, and 0.6% glycerol. According to the same set of designed experiments, best starch content was found as 22.08% of dry cell weight in a medium containing 2.0% NaCl, 0.3% glucose, and 0.3% glycerol. C16:0 mass fraction as a function of three medium ingredient concentrations was modeled using a Kriging model. Optimum concentrations of NaCl, glucose and glycerol to reach maximum C16:0 fraction were predicted as 0.5, 1, and 1%, respectively.     

S—P降解塑料耐水性能改善初探

本文探讨了交联剂甲醛、乙醛、乙二醛、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋对交联Ｓ－Ｐ膜耐水性能的影响。实验结果表明：经Ｆｅ＾２＋，乙二醛交联的Ｓ－Ｐ膜，其耐水性能优于其它膜。