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61.
Frederick Steiner Scott Pieart Edward Cook Jacqueline Rich Virginia Coltman 《Environmental management》1994,18(2):183-201
The protection of wetlands and riparian areas has emerged as an important environmental planning issue. In the United States,
several federal and state laws have been enacted to protect wetlands and riparian areas. Specifically, the federal Clean Water
Act includes protection requirements in Sections 301 and 303 for state water quality standards, Section 401 for state certification
of federal actions (projects, permits, and licenses), and Section 404 for dredge and fill permits. The Section 401 water quality
state certification element has been called the “sleeping giant” of wetlands protection because it empowers state officials
to veto or condition federally permitted or licensed activities that do not comply with state water quality standards. State
officials have used this power infrequently. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effectiveness of state wetland
and riparian programs. Contacts were established with officials in each state and in the national and regional offices of
key federal agencies. Based on interviews and on a review of federal and state laws, state program effectiveness was analyzed.
From this analysis, several problems and opportunities facing state wetland protection efforts are presented. 相似文献
62.
Modelling the impact of flooding stress on the growth performance of woody species using fuzzy logic
Among the driving processes responsible for riparian forest dynamics the species-specific impact of flooding on the development of woody plants plays a key role—particularly for lowland rivers. Only a few of the forest succession models currently in use incorporate the flooding stress response of trees. This situation is mainly due to the incomplete investigation of the flooding tolerance processes and the related abiotic and biotic factors. In an attempt to use the wide-ranging but still rather vague knowledge available on flooding stress, the research presented in this paper proposes an approach to model tree response to flooding using the fuzzy set theory. The model is illustrated for the case of central European species. Flooding stress response to the abiotic factors of duration, depth and frequency of flooding differs according to five flooding tolerance classes and is expressed by means of a growth factor that limits optimal tree growth. We show that existing fuzzy set theory is able to generate and calibrate a flood stress response model which in turn can be incorporated into more complex forest succession models adapted to riparian areas. 相似文献
63.
Goldstein RM Carlisle DM Meador MR Short TM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,130(1-3):495-510
The environmental setting (e.g., climate, topography, geology) and land use affect stream physical characteristics singly
and cumulatively. At broad geographic scales, we determined the importance of environmental setting and land use in explaining
variation in stream physical characteristics. We hypothesized that as the spatial scale decreased from national to regional,
land use would explain more of the variation in stream physical characteristics because environmental settings become more
homogeneous. At a national scale, stepwise linear regression indicated that environmental setting was more important in explaining
variability in stream physical characteristics. Although statistically discernible, the amount of variation explained by land
use was not remarkable due to low partial correlations. At level II ecoregion spatial scales (southeastern USA plains, central
USA plains, and a combination of the western Cordillera and the western interior basins and ranges), environmental setting
variables were again more important predictors of stream physical characteristics, however, as the spatial scale decreased
from national to regional, the portion of variability in stream physical characteristics explained by basin land use increased.
Development of stream habitat indicators of land use will depend upon an understanding of relations between stream physical
characteristics and environmental factors at multiple spatial scales. Smaller spatial scales will be necessary to reduce the
confounding effects of variable environmental settings before the effects of land use can be reliably assessed. 相似文献
64.
Buffer strips represent oblong land elements along water bodies playing an important role for the water quality management of the surface water. In the policy context buffer strips are referred to as land with defined farming restrictions aiming at protecting the water course. In the current EU agricultural policy framework the majority of the decisions regarding subsidy schemes for buffer strips is taken on the member country level, which results in great differences between the EU members with regard to this water protection measure. If incentives for farmers for establishing and maintaining buffer strips are in place, they are usually linked to the harvest ban on the buffer strip. Such protection model can be endangered by volatile and rising prices for agricultural products. However, buffer strip can represent a valuable source of different ecosystem services, including biomass provision. If harvesting under certain restrictions would be allowed, the biomass could generate additional revenue that might contribute to securing buffer strips existence and consequently maintaining their protection function.This study aimed at assessing the costs and environmental consequences of biomass mobilizing from buffer strips. It dealt with different scenarios of biomass sourcing from extensively cultivated buffer strips in the Netherlands. In 12 scenarios, the cultivation of grass or cereal mixes (including multiple harvesting or perennial cultivation) for different valorisation chains (ensiling or fodder & bedding) was assessed. Both total net cultivation costs as well as the hectare based environmental performance (using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology) were evaluated. Additionally, the environmental impact of electricity production through anaerobic digestion of biomass from buffer strips was compared with the impact from digestion of classic grass silage and the impact profile of Dutch electricity mix.The results indicate ensiling as the scenario generating more net costs and higher environmental impacts as compared to fodder & bedding. In the latter, the cereal cultivation represents a better solution from economic perspective, while grass shows lower environmental impacts. Moreover, optimizing grass cultivation through switching to perennial mode contributes to strong improvements of the economic performance and contributes to additional reduction of environmental impacts, and consequently delivers the best environmental and economic solution. Moreover, the comparison with the Dutch electricity mix shows that biomass from buffer strips, if used in anaerobic digestion, can, in terms of environmental performance, compete with classic silages and contribute to reduced environmental damage. 相似文献
65.
In interior western North America, many riparian forests dominated by cottonwood and willow are failing to reproduce downstream
of dams. We tested the hypothesis that establishment is now prevented by absence of the bare, moist substrate formerly provided
by floods and channel movement. Along Boulder Creek, a dammed stream in the Colorado plains, we tested the effects of disturbance
(sod removal), irrigation, and addition of seed on the establishment of seedings of plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp.monilifera) and peachleaf willow (Salix amygdaloides). In unirrigated, undisturbed plots, mean cottonwood density was 0.03 seedlings/m2. Irrigation or disturbance alone produced mean cottonwood densities of 0.39 and 0.75 seedlings/m2. Plots that were both irrigated and disturbed produced a mean cottonwood density of 10.3 seedlings/m2. The effects of irrigation and disturbance on cottonwood establishment were significant (P<0.005); added seed had no significant effect (P=0.78). The few cottonwood seedlings in unirrigated plots were in low positions susceptible to scour by future moderate flows.
We conclude that cottonwood establishment along Boulder Creek is limited by the scarcity of bare, moist sites safe from future
scour. Establishment of peachleaf willow was significantly affected only by disturbance; daily sprinkler irrigation did not
provide sufficient moisture to increase survival of this species. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of restoring plains
cottonwood forests using natural seedfall, even where only widely scattered adult trees are present. Because use of natural
seedfall conserves the genetic makeup of the local population, this method may be preferable to the use of imported cuttings. 相似文献
66.
67.
A spatially explicit linear, additive model was developed for quantifying site characteristics of riparian areas of the lower Cedar River, Washington, USA. The spatial complexity and distribution of combined habitat and anthropogenic landscape features were used to define habitat indices that indicate the relative quality of riparian habitats. Patches of contiguous grid cells were measured in terms of their locations, sizes, and relative degree of fragmentation. Additionally, intrapatch heterogeneity was measured to identify unique combinations of habitat and anthropogenic factors for individual grid cells within patches. Model verification indicated that existing floodplain riparian habitats received positive indices more than 90% of the time. Mean patch sizes and fragmentation indices were similar for all positive indices throughout the reaches in the valley floor. Among all reaches, reach 7 had the highest number of positive patches due to a higher degree of meandering in this reach. This procedure and model outputs provide unique screening opportunities for prioritizing management of riparian areas (e.g., conservation, restoration and enhancement). 相似文献
68.
Control of Tamarix in the Western United States: Implications for Water Salvage, Wildlife Use, and Riparian Restoration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shafroth PB Cleverly JR Dudley TL Taylor JP van Riper C Weeks EP Stuart JN 《Environmental management》2005,35(3):231-246
Non-native shrub species in the genus Tamarix (saltcedar, tamarisk) have colonized hundreds of thousands of hectares of floodplains, reservoir margins, and other wetlands in western North America. Many resource managers seek to reduce saltcedar abundance and control its spread to increase the flow of water in streams that might otherwise be lost to evapotranspiration, to restore native riparian (streamside) vegetation, and to improve wildlife habitat. However, increased water yield might not always occur and has been substantially lower than expected in water salvage experiments, the potential for successful revegetation is variable, and not all wildlife taxa clearly prefer native plant habitats over saltcedar. As a result, there is considerable debate surrounding saltcedar control efforts. We review the literature on saltcedar control, water use, wildlife use, and riparian restoration to provide resource managers, researchers, and policy-makers with a balanced summary of the state of the science. To best ensure that the desired outcomes of removal programs are met, scientists and resource managers should use existing information and methodologies to carefully select and prioritize sites for removal, apply the most appropriate and cost-effective control methods, and then rigorously monitor control efficacy, revegetation success, water yield changes, and wildlife use. 相似文献
69.
Linking Riparian Dynamics and Groundwater: An Ecohydrologic Approach to Modeling Groundwater and Riparian Vegetation 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The growing use of global freshwater supplies is increasing the need for improved modeling of the linkage between groundwater
and riparian vegetation. Traditional groundwater models such as MODFLOW have been used to predict changes in regional groundwater
levels, and thus riparian vegetation potential attributable to anthropogenic water use. This article describes an approach
that improves on these modeling techniques through several innovations. First, evapotranspiration from riparian/wetland systems
is modeled in a manner that more realistically reflects plant ecophysiology and vegetation complexity. In the authors’ model
programs (RIP-ET and PRE-RIP-ET), the single, monotonically increasing evapotranspiration flux curve in traditional groundwater
models is replaced with a set of ecophysiologically based curves, one for each plant functional group present. For each group,
the curve simulates transpiration declines that occur both as water levels decline below rooting depths and as waters rise
to levels that produce anoxic soil conditions. Accuracy is further improved by more effective spatial handling of vegetation
distribution, which allows modeling of surface elevation and depth to water for multiple vegetation types within each large
model cell. The use of RIP-ET in groundwater models can improve the accuracy of basin scale estimates of riparian evapotranspiration
rates, riparian vegetation water requirements, and water budgets. Two case studies are used to demonstrate that RIP-ET produces
significantly different evapotranspiration estimates than the traditional method. When combined with vegetation mapping and
a supporting program (RIP-GIS), RIP-ET also enables predictions of riparian vegetation response to water use and development
scenarios. The RIP-GIS program links the head distribution from MODFLOW with surface digital elevation models, producing moderate-
to high-resolution depth-to-groundwater maps. Together with information on plant rooting depths, these can be used to predict
vegetation response to water allocation decisions. The different evapotranspiration outcomes produced by traditional and RIP-ET
approaches affect resulting interpretations of hydro-vegetation dynamics, including the effects of groundwater pumping stress
on existing habitats, and thus affect subsequent policy decisions. 相似文献
70.
Data collected from 172 sites in 20 major river basins between 1993 and 1995 as part of the US Geological Survey's National
Water-Quality Assessment Program were analyzed to assess relations among basinwide land use (agriculture, forest, urban, range),
water physicochemistry, riparian condition, and fish community structure. A multimetric approach was used to develop regionally
referenced indices of fish community and riparian condition. Across large geographic areas, decreased riparian condition was
associated with water-quality constituents indicative of nonpoint source inputs—total nitrogen and suspended sediment and
basinwide urban land use. Decreased fish community condition was associated with increases in total dissolved solids and rangeland
use and decreases in riparian condition and agricultural land use. Fish community condition was relatively high even in areas
where agricultural land use was relatively high (>50% of the basin). Although agricultural land use can have deleterious effects
on fish communities, the results of this study suggest that other factors also may be important, including practices that
regulate the delivery of nutrients, suspended sediments, and total dissolved solids into streams. Across large geographic
scales, measures of water physicochemistry may be better indicators of fish community condition than basinwide land use. Whereas
numerous studies have indicated that riparian restorations are successful in specific cases, this analysis suggests the universal
importance of riparian zones to the maintenance and restoration of diverse fish communities in streams. 相似文献