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51.
G. Mathias Kondolf J. Warren Webb Michael J. Sale Thomas Felando 《Environmental management》1987,11(6):757-769
As the number of proposals to divert streamflow for power production has increased in recent years, interest has grown in predicting the impacts of flow reductions on riparian vegetation. Because the extent and density of riparian vegetation depend largely on local geomorphic and hydrologic setting, site-specific geomorphic and hydrologic information is needed. This article describes methods for collecting relevant hydrologic data, and reports the results of such studies on seven stream reaches proposed for hydroelectric development in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. The methods described are: (a) preparing geomorphic maps from aerial photographs, (b) using well level records to evaluate the influence of streamflow on the riparian water table, (c) taking synoptic flow measurements to identify gaining and losing reaches, and (d) analyzing flow records from an upstream-downstream pair of gages to document seasonal variations in downstream flow losses. In the eastern Sierra Nevada, the geomorphic influences on hydrology and riparian vegetation were pronounced. For example, in a large, U-shaped glacial valley, the width of the riparian strip was highly variable along the study reach and was related to geomorphic controls, whereas the study reaches on alluvial fan deposits had relatively uniform geomorphology and riparian strip width. Flow losses of 20% were typical over reaches on alluvial fans. In a mountain valley, however, one stream gained up to 275% from geomorphically controlled groundwater contributions. 相似文献
52.
Richard R. Harris 《Environmental management》1988,12(2):219-228
Ten streams in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, were classified into six geomorphic valley types and sampled to determine environmental and riparian vegetation conditions. The geomorphic valley types were relatively uniform geologically and hydrologically, collectively representing the range of stream environments in the region. There were significant associations between the geomorphic valley types and riparian community composition. These geomorphic-vegetation units are landscape elements which comprise the riparian ecosystems in the region. They differ in their ecological charactersitics and sensitivity to management. The system of landscape elements can be used to classify streams for the purposes of resource inventory, detailed ecological studies, and impact prediction. 相似文献
53.
Development of a Bird Integrity Index: Measuring Avian Response to Disturbance in the Blue Mountains of Oregon, USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bryce SA 《Environmental management》2006,38(3):470-486
The Bird Integrity Index (BII) presented here uses bird assemblage information to assess human impacts to 28 stream reaches
in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon. Eighty-one candidate metrics were extracted from bird survey data for testing. The
metrics represented aspects of bird taxonomic richness, tolerance or intolerance to human disturbance, dietary preferences,
foraging techniques, and nesting strategies that were expected to be positively or negatively affected by human activities
in the region. To evaluate the responsiveness of each metric, it was plotted against an index of reach and watershed disturbance
that included attributes of land use/land cover, road density, riparian cover, mining impacts, and percent area in clearcut
and partial-cut logging. Nine of the 81 candidate bird metrics remained after eliminating unresponsive and highly correlated
metrics. Individual metric scores ranged from 0 to 10, and BII scores varied between 0 and 100. BII scores varied from 78.6
for a minimally disturbed, reference stream reach to 30.4 for the most highly disturbed stream reach. The BII responded clearly
to varying riparian conditions and to the cumulative effects of disturbances, such as logging, grazing, and mining, which
are common in the mountains of eastern Oregon. This BII for eastern Oregon was compared to an earlier BII developed for the
agricultural and urban disturbance regime of the Willamette Valley in western Oregon. The BII presented here was sensitive
enough to distinguish differences in condition among stream riparian zones with disturbances that were not as obvious or irreversible
as those in the agricultural/urban conditions of western Oregon. 相似文献
54.
Importance of Riparian Forests in Urban Catchments Contingent on Sediment and Hydrologic Regimes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Roy AH Freeman MC Freeman BJ Wenger SJ Ensign WE Meyer JL 《Environmental management》2006,37(4):523-539
Forested riparian corridors are thought to minimize impacts of landscape disturbance on stream ecosystems; yet, the effectiveness
of streamside forests in mitigating disturbance in urbanizing catchments is unknown. We expected that riparian forests would
provide minimal benefits for fish assemblages in streams that are highly impaired by sediment or hydrologic alteration. We
tested this hypothesis in 30 small streams along a gradient of urban disturbance (1–65% urban land cover). Species expected
to be sensitive to disturbance (i.e., fluvial specialists and “sensitive” species that respond negatively to urbanization)
were best predicted by models including percent forest cover in the riparian corridor and a principal components axis describing
sediment disturbance. Only sites with coarse bed sediment and low bed mobility (vs. sites with high amounts of fine sediment)
had increased richness and abundances of sensitive species with higher percent riparian forests, supporting our hypothesis
that response to riparian forests is contingent on the sediment regime. Abundances of Etheostoma scotti, the federally threatened Cherokee darter, were best predicted by models with single variables representing stormflow (r2 = 0.34) and sediment (r2 = 0.23) conditions. Lentic-tolerant species richness and abundance responded only to a variable representing prolonged duration
of low-flow conditions. For these species, hydrologic alteration overwhelmed any influence of riparian forests on stream biota.
These results suggest that, at a minimum, catchment management strategies must simultaneously address hydrologic, sediment,
and riparian disturbance in order to protect all aspects of fish assemblage integrity. 相似文献
55.
This study assessed the relationship among land use, riparian vegetation, and avian populations at two spatial scales. Our
objective was to compare the vegetated habitat in riparian corridors with breeding bird guilds in eight Rhode Island subwatersheds
along a range of increasing residential land use. Riparian habitats were characterized with fine-scale techniques (used field
transects to measure riparian vegetation structure and plant species richness) at the reach spatial scale, and with coarse-scale
landscape techniques (a Geographic Information System to document land-cover attributes) at the subwatershed scale. Bird surveys
were conducted in the riparian zone, and the observed bird species were separated into guilds based on tolerance to human
disturbance, habitat preference, foraging type, and diet preference. Bird guilds were correlated with riparian vegetation
metrics, percent impervious surface, and percent residential land use, revealing patterns of breeding bird distribution. The
number of intolerant species predominated below 12% residential development and 3% impervious surface, whereas tolerant species
predominated above these levels. Habitat guilds of edge, forest, and wetland bird species correlated with riparian vegetation.
This study showed that the application of avian guilds at both stream reach and subwatershed scales offers a comprehensive
assessment of effects from disturbed habitat, but that the subwatershed scale is a more efficient method of evaluation for
environmental management. 相似文献
56.
A Method for Improving the Management of Controversial Wetland 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Merot P Hubert-Moy L Gascuel-Odoux C Clement B Durand P Baudry J Thenail C 《Environmental management》2006,37(2):258-270
Valley bottom wetlands in agricultural landscapes often are neglected in national and regional wetland inventories. Although
these areas are small, located in the bottomlands of the headwater catchments, and scattered in the rural landscape, they
strongly influence hydrology, water quality, and biodiversity over the whole catchment area. Valley bottom wetlands often
are considered as controversial wetlands. Awareness of the functional role of wetlands is increasing, in parallel with their
progressive disappearance in intensive farming landscapes. The need to improve tools for controlling wetland management is
a primary consideration for decision makers and land users. This article proposes a method for the inventory of valley bottom
wetlands. The method is based on the functional analysis of potential, existing, and efficient valley bottom wetlands (the
PEEW approach). Several indicators are proposed for checking the validity of such an approach. Potential wetlands are delineated
by means of a topographic index using topographic and pedoclimatic criteria computed from a Digital Elevation Model and easily
accessible databases. Existing wetlands are identified from observed surface moisture, the presence of specific wetland vegetation,
or soil feature criteria. Efficient wetlands are defined through a given function, such as flow or pollutant regulation or
biodiversity control. An analysis of areas at the limits between potential, existing, and efficient wetlands highlights land
cultivated or drained in the past, which currently represents negotiating areas in which rehabilitation and other intended
management actions can be implemented. 相似文献
57.
Use of Maryland Biological Stream Survey Data to Determine Effects of Agricultural Riparian Buffers on Measures of Biological Stream Health 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study was undertaken to determine the importance of riparian buffers to stream ecology in agricultural areas. The original
Maryland Biological Stream Survey (MBSS) data set was partitioned to represent agricultural sites in Maryland's Coastal Plain
and Piedmont regions. ANOVA, multiple linear regression (MLR), and CART regression tree models were developed using riparian
and site catchment landscape characteristics. MBSS data were both stratified by physiographic region and analyzed as a combined
data set. All models indicated that land management at the site was not the controlling factor for fish IBIs (FIBI) at that
site and, hence, using FIBI to evaluate site-scale factors would not be a prudent procedure. Measures of instream habitat
and location in the stream network were the dominant explanatory factors for FIBI models. Both CART and MLR models indicated
that forest buffers were influential on benthic IBIs (BIBI). Explanatory variables reflected instream conditions, adjacent
landscape influence, and chemistry in the Coastal Plains sites, all of which are relatively site specific. However, for Piedmont
sites, hydrologic factors were important, in addition to adjacent landscape influence, and chemistry. Both Coastal Plain and
Piedmont CART models identified several hydrologic factors, emphasizing the dominant control of hydrology on the physical
habitat index (PHI). Riparian buffers were a secondary influence on PHI in the Coastal Plain, but not in the Piedmont. Between
40% and 70% of the variation in FIBI, BIBI, and PHI was explained by the “easily obtainable” variables available from the
MBSS data set. While these are empirical results specific to Maryland, the general findings are of use to other locations
where the establishment of forest buffers is considered as an aquatic ecosystem restoration measure. 相似文献
58.
Riparian Zone Influence on Stream Water Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations at the Swedish Integrated Monitoring Sites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Short-term variability in stream water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations is controlled by hydrology, climate and atmospheric deposition. Using the Riparian flow-concentration Integration Model (RIM), we evaluated factors controlling stream water DOC in the Swedish Integrated Monitoring (IM) catchments by separating out hydrological effects on stream DOC dynamics. Model residuals were correlated with climate and deposition-related drivers. DOC was most strongly correlated to water flow in the northern catchment (Gammtratten). The southern Aneboda and Kindla catchments had pronounced seasonal DOC signals, which correlated weakly to flow. DOC concentrations at Gårdsjön increased, potentially in response to declining acid deposition. Soil temperature correlated strongly with model residuals at all sites. Incorporating soil temperature in RIM improved model performance substantially (20–62% lower median absolute error). According to the simulations, the RIM conceptualization of riparian processes explains between 36% (Kindla) and 61% (Aneboda) of the DOC dynamics at the IM sites. 相似文献
59.
Gundersen P Laurén A Finér L Ring E Koivusalo H Saetersdal M Weslien JO Sigurdsson BD Högbom L Laine J Hansen K 《Ambio》2010,39(8):555-566
Riparian forests (RF) growing along streams, rivers and lakes comprise more than 2% of the forest area in the Nordic countries (considering a 10 m wide zone from the water body). They have special ecological functions in the landscape. They receive water and nutrients from the upslope areas, are important habitats for biodiversity, have large soil carbon stores, but may emit more greenhouse gases (GHG) than the uplands. In this article, we present a review of the environmental services related to water protection, terrestrial biodiversity, carbon storage and greenhouse gas dynamics provided by RF in the Nordic countries. We discuss the benefits and trade-offs when leaving the RF as a buffer against the impacts from upland forest management, in particular the impacts of clear cutting. Forest buffers are effective in protecting water quality and aquatic life, and have positive effects on terrestrial biodiversity, particularly when broader than 40 m, whereas the effect on the greenhouse gas exchange is unclear. 相似文献
60.
Methods for defining and retrieving reference conditions for large rivers were explored with emphasis on hydromorphologic
and biologic quality indicators. For a set of four large rivers in the European Western Plains ecoregion, i.e., the rivers
Meuse, Loire, Allier, and Dordogne, reference reaches were selected based on geomorphologic characteristics. A survey of riparian
land use, vegetation, and bed geometry was done for the selected reaches. Responses of the riparian landscape to hydromorphologic
conditions were determined with a set of existing and newly developed measures of riparian dynamics and forest development.
Strong correlations were observed at the reach and local levels between the ratios of width to depth and embankment and the
developed measures of riparian dynamics and forest. Boundary conditions for riparian forest development were determined for
the hydromorphologic and biologic indicators of riparian dynamics and vegetation structure. These conditions also proved useful
for determining the presence of sustainable populations of Populus nigra and Salix purpurea. From this agreement between abiotic and biotic boundary conditions, a set of useful reference conditions was determined,
and a framework for the definition of reference and good status conditions subsequently evolved. Finally, a proposal for assessment
and monitoring the proposed indicators is discussed for its applicability. 相似文献