Striking the balance: Challenges and perspectives for the protected areas network in northeastern European Russia

Increasing anthropogenic pressure on the largest remaining tracts of old-growth boreal forest in Europe necessitates additional conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in northeastern European Russia. In a regional network comprising 8 % of the Nenets Autonomous District and 13.5 % of the Komi Republic, 248 areas have varying protected statuses as state nature reserves (zapovedniks), national parks, reserves/sanctuaries (zakazniks), or natural monuments. Due to increased natural resource extraction in this relatively pristine area, designation of additional protected areas is critical for the protection of key ecological sites. The history of ecological preservation in these regions is herein described, and recent recommendations for incorporating additional ecologically representative areas into the regional network are presented. If the protected area network can be expanded, the overall environmental stability in these globally significant ecosystems may remain intact, and can help Russia meet the 2020 Aichi conservation targets, as set forth by the Convention of Biological Diversity.     

武烈河流域水质污染特征及污染源解析

以武烈河流域2014年1—12月23项指标的监测数据为基础,采用单因子评价法和水质综合指数评价法,对水质污染特征进行综合评价;运用主成分分析法,确定流域主要污染因子及区域水质空间变化特征,并进一步对流域污染来源进行解析。结果表明：武烈河流域上游支流水质为Ⅱ类,干流段监测断面S1与S3水质为Ⅲ类,S2与S4水质为Ⅳ类,主要污染指标为BOD₅与TP;流域水质由2个主成分组成,COD_Cr、COD_Mn为第一主成分,NH₃-N、DO与BOD₅为第二主成分;流域主要污染源包括生活污水、工业废水、农业化肥和农药的投入和畜禽养殖废水等。     

大清河水系滨岸带入侵草本植物分布特征及影响因素

在雄安新区建设大背景下,保障大清河水系生物安全十分重要。为研究大清河水系入侵植物分布规律,探讨影响入侵植物分布的驱动因子,对大清河水系河湖滨岸带开展植被调查,识别滨岸带入侵植物,判定物种的入侵等级,分析物种入侵分布与环境因子和人类活动因素之间的相关性,并提出雄安新区面临的植物入侵风险及防范措施。结果表明：大清河水系有24种入侵植物,其中苋科和菊科合计占54.2%,一年生物种、无意引入物种分别占83.3%、62.5%,原产地为美洲的占62.5%,反枝苋、鬼针草、圆叶牵牛、鳢肠、大狼杷草、苘麻6种植物为流域内广布种;入侵植物种数和入侵性在流域中游的拒马河上游房山山区段、流域下游的牤牛河霸州城市段以及100 m高程分界线附近的山区—平原交接区明显高于其他区域;人类活动是影响植物入侵程度的主要因素,路网密度、建设用地面积占比越高,越有利于入侵植物的分布与扩散;大清河水系植物入侵程度尚可控,但需要在雄安新区建设过程中重视植物入侵定居及扩散风险,早做防范。

     

西北干旱区流域水污染特征与控制策略—以宁夏清水河流域为例

以宁夏境内黄河最大的一级支流清水河流域为例,分析重点断面水质、水环境容量及各控制单元污染负荷特征,并提出有针对性的污染控制策略。结果表明：2015—2018年清水河三营国控断面水质无法稳定达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类水质标准,泉眼山断面化学需氧量（COD）存在超Ⅳ类水质标准风险。流域水环境容量COD为592.83~1 238.25 t/a,氨氮为51.99~193.60 t/a,总磷（TP）为5.02~12.85 t/a;流域平水期污染负荷入河量COD为15 661.1 t/a,氨氮为1 670.2 t/a,TP为784.5 t/a,分别是平水期水环境容量（COD为940.57 t/a,氨氮为114.64 t/a,TP为8.81 t/a）的16、14和89倍。固原控制单元单位面积污染负荷入河量最高（COD为3.04 t/a,氨氮为0.22 t/a,TP为0.06 t/a）,工业源与城镇生活源污染问题突出,中卫控制单元总污染负荷入河量最高（COD为 6 738.45 t/a,氨氮为868.88 t/a,TP为218.12 t/a）,城镇生活源污染较严重,而吴忠控制单元禽畜养殖污染较严重。基于水质目标和各单元的污染特征,建议固原控制单元加强工业企业污水回收利用、提高城镇污水处理能力,中卫控制单元重点关注污水收集处理设施建设与改造升级,吴忠控制单元在规模化养殖场推行禽畜粪污集中处理与回用。

     

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MISSOURI RWER BASIN WATER YIELD1

ABSTRACT: Water from the Missouri River Basin is used for multiple purposes. The climatic change of doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide may produce dramatic water yield changes across the basin. Estimated changes in basin water yield from doubled CO₂ climate were simulated using a Regional Climate Model (RegCM) and a physically based rainfall‐runoff model. RegCM output from a five‐year, equilibrium climate simulation at twice present CO₂ levels was compared to a similar present‐day climate run to extract monthly changes in meteorologic variables needed by the hydrologic model. These changes, simulated on a 50‐km grid, were matched at a commensurate scale to the 310 subbasin in the rainfall‐runoff model climate change impact analysis. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) rainfall‐runoff model was used in this study. The climate changes were applied to the 1965 to 1989 historic period. Overall water yield at the mouth of the Basin decreased by 10 to 20 percent during spring and summer months, but increased during fall and winter. Yields generally decreased in the southern portions of the basin but increased in the northern reaches. Northern subbasin yields increased up to 80 percent: equivalent to 1.3 cm of runoff on an annual basis.     

Using Satellite Imagery to Assess Large-Scale Habitat Characteristics of Adirondack Park, New York, USA

Satellite imagery is a useful tool for large-scale habitat analysis; however, its limitations need to be tested. We tested these limitations by varying the methods of a habitat evaluation for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Adirondack Park, New York, USA, utilizing harvest data to create and validate the assessment models. We used two classified images, one with a large minimum mapping unit but high accuracy and one with no minimum mapping unit but slightly lower accuracy, to test the sensitivity of the evaluation to these differences. We tested the utility of two methods of assessment, habitat suitability index modeling, and pattern recognition modeling. We varied the scale at which the models were applied by using five separate sizes of analysis windows. Results showed that the presence of a large minimum mapping unit eliminates important details of the habitat. Window size is relatively unimportant if the data are averaged to a large resolution (i.e., township), but if the data are used at the smaller resolution, then the window size is an important consideration. In the Adirondacks, the proportion of hardwood and softwood in an area is most important to the spatial dynamics of deer populations. The low occurrence of open area in all parts of the park either limits the effect of this cover type on the population or limits our ability to detect the effect. The arrangement and interspersion of cover types were not significant to deer populations.     

REAL-TIME SNOW SIMULATION MODEL FOR THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The Pittsburgh District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, is responsible for operating two multipurpose reservoirs in the 7384 square mile (19198 square kilometer) Monongahela Basin. A third reservoir, presently under construction, will soon be operating. The real-time forecasting of runoff for operational purposes requires simulation of snow accumulation and snowmelt throughout the Basin during the winter season. This article describes capabilities of SNOSIM, a model being developed for performing such simulation. The application of this model as part of a comprehensive system of water control software, and some initial simulation results are presented.     

黑臭水体综合整治案例分析——以海口市美舍河为例

阐述了海口市的母亲河——美舍河黑臭的主要原因以及整治工程措施,总结了黑臭水体治理的成效。由于市政基础设施薄弱,美舍河沿线存在生活污水直排,雨污错接、混接,合流溢流污染等情况,导致水体常年黑臭。自2015年以来海口市以流域为单元,遵循海绵城市、生态河道的先进理念,按照控源截污、内源治理、生态修复三步走原则,对美舍河开展黑臭水体整治。在控源截污方面,新建合流制排放管、布设截污管道共7.2 km,一体化污水处理设施3个,增加污水处理量7 500 m³/d;内源治理方面,采用挖掘机和绞吸清淤船配合的清淤方式清除污染底泥;生态修复方面,采用环境修复剂对底质进行改良,种植沉水植被36万m²,建设1.0 m×22 m橡胶坝2座,全水域投放水生态修复剂等。此外,美舍河采用梯级潜流人工湿地技术,在增强处理效果的同时,营造出良好的景观。通过上述综合整治,美舍河于2017年消除黑臭。     

浑河流域鱼类群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

流域水生态调查是对受损的流域水生态系统进行恢复的基础。以浑河流域为例,对全流域62个采样点的鱼类群落进行调查。共采集并鉴定出鱼类34种,隶属于7目10科29属。其中,鲤科鱼类个体数占比最高(88.5%),鳅科次之(6.7%)。依据鱼类群落组成的相似性,利用聚类分析将62个采样点分为3组：组Ⅰ主要分布于浑河上游;组Ⅱ主要分布于浑河中游的各支流;组Ⅲ主要分布于浑河中下游的干流及各支流。指示物种分析结果显示：组Ⅰ指示物种为洛氏鱥、北方条鳅、北方花鳅和中华多刺鱼;组Ⅱ指示物种主要为鲫、麦穗、宽鳍鱲等中度耐污种;组Ⅲ指示物种为餐条。典型对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)结果表明：影响浑河流域鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子为海拔、河流等级、悬浮物(SS)浓度、森林用地比例、农业用地比例和总溶解性固体(TDS)浓度。     

阿斯旺高坝的生态环境问题

:通过对阿斯旺高坝和尼罗河的实际考察和生态环境监测数据的分析 ,介绍了埃及政府相关管理部门的官员和专家对阿斯旺工程的看法 ,对阿斯旺高坝及其生态环境问题进行了评述。认为阿斯旺工程是一个成功的工程 ,它对埃及发挥的巨大影响和积极作用是有目共睹的。它对生态环境的不利影响 ,确被很多批评者盲目地夸大了 ,其中也包含有政治因素。中国在修建水利工程时 ,要对环境的影响作出客观、科学的评价 ,并采取措施把不利影响减少到最小。阿斯旺高坝运行近 30年 ,在生态环境监测方面积累了丰富的数据 ,这些成果和结论对三峡工程具有直接的借鉴和参考价值。