陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒演替过程中的土壤水分效应

根据陕北黄土丘陵区17块不同撂荒年限样地土壤水分的普查和10块样地土壤水分的定位测定,利用多元回归分析和通径分析法研究了植被恢复过程中土壤水分的变化和各植被、土壤因子对土壤水分的作用效应:①农田撂荒后,随着植被的恢复,因群落生物量、植被盖度和土壤有机质等这些对土壤水分有直接作用因子的变化,而间接表现为随着撂荒年限的增加,土壤含水量越来越低,而土壤水分的波动却越来越大;②用地形因子(包括坡度、坡向和海拔)、土壤因子(地表土壤容重和有机质含量)和植被因子(地上生物量和植被盖度)可以较好地对土壤水分做出多元拟合,影响表层土壤水分含量和根系层水分波动的主导因子是植被盖度,而影响深层土壤水分波动的主导因子是地上生物量;③土壤水分两次测定期间深层储水量差值与累积降雨量成显著正相关,说明土壤水分测定下边界存在上渗与下渗运动,而且储水量差值多数为正值,说明是以下渗为主。因此O根据土壤水分来估算群落蒸散时会有正的系统误差。为此论文将深层储水量差值作为补偿调节因子自变量,以提高多元拟合精度。拟合结果说明群落蒸散可由群落生物量、群落盖度、坡度、坡向和土壤表层容重或坚实度来估计。在植被恢复过程中影响群落蒸散的最大因子是群落蒸腾,其次是植被盖度。     

青海湖区紫花针茅草原封育导致的土壤养分时空变化特征

封育导致的生态系统恢复会体现在土壤恢复.以不同封育年限的青海湖区紫花针茅草原为对象,研究封育导致的土壤养分时空变化特征.结果表明:同一样地速效氮、速效磷和速效钾都表现为表层含量最高,显著高于第Ⅱ层,下面几层之间差异不显著;封育对速效养分含量影响不同,对速效钾含量影响不大,而速效磷含量大多显著提高,封育样地速效氮含量稍微高于对照样地.全量养分相比较,封育对土壤全钾和全磷含量影响不大,随土层加深全氮含量降低,封育导致土壤表层全氮含量升高(提高了19.9%).有机质含量随土层加深而降低,长期封育导致土壤有机质含量增加.相关分析表明,速效钾和全钾含量之间相关不显著,速效磷和全磷、速效氮和全氮含量都表现出显著相关,有机质和全量养分之间只有全氮表现出了显著相关.封育后土壤pH值略有升高;随着土层加深,土壤容重升高,但土壤容重变化不大.封育使草原土壤养分含量增加,但是养分的增加是一个非常缓慢的过程,对草原的保护还需继续加强.     

ANADROMOUS SALMONID RECOVERY IN THE UMATILLA RWER BASIN,OREGON: A CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: The Umatilla River Basin Fisheries Restoration Plan was initiated in the early 1980s to mitigate salmonid losses caused by hydroelectric development and habitat degradation. The objectives are to enhance the abundance of endemic steelhead and reintroduce extirpated chinook and coho salmon. The project prompted collaborative effort among federal, state, and tribal agencies, and local water users. It has incorporated habitat restoration, flow enhancement, fish passage improvements, and population supplementation through artificial production. Water exchanges have successfully increased minimum flows during spring and fall migration. While flows remain depressed compared to historic conditions, there is potential for improved habitat, passage, and homing. The mean adult‐to‐adult return rate of hatchery‐reared steelhead exceeded replacement and that of the naturally‐spawning population. Although the smolt‐to‐adult survival rates of hatchery‐reared fish fluctuate, salmonid escapement has increased in recent years, permitting steelhead and spring chinook harvest. Enumeration of potential spawners and observed redds reveals an increase in natural production of all supplemented species. Comparison of hatchery‐reared and naturally‐spawning steelhead populations revealed differences in life history characteristics (in age composition and sex ratios) though run timing and genetic stock compositions of the two components of the populations have not differed. Sustained monitoring is needed to determine benefits of integrating habitat restoration and artificial production in restoring salmonid populations.     

GRASS VERSUS TREES: MANAGING RIPARIAN AREAS TO BENEFIT STREAMS OF CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA1

ABSTRACT: Forestation of riparian areas has long been promoted to restore stream ecosystems degraded by agriculture in central North America. Although trees and shrubs in the riparian zone can provide many benefits to streams, grassy or herbaceous riparian vegetation can also provide benefits and may be more appropriate in some situations. Here we review some of the positive and negative implications of grassy versus wooded riparian zones and discuss potential management outcomes. Compared to wooded areas, grassy riparian areas result in stream reaches with different patterns of bank stability, erosion, channel morphology, cover for fish, terrestrial runoff, hydrology, water temperature, organic matter inputs, primary production, aquatic macroinvertebrates, and fish. Of particular relevance in agricultural regions, grassy riparian areas may be more effective in reducing bank erosion and trapping suspended sediments than wooded areas. Maintenance of grassy riparian vegetation usually requires active management (e.g., mowing, burning, herbicide treatments, and grazing), as successional processes will tend ultimately to favor woody vegetation. Riparian agricultural practices that promote a dense, healthy, grassy turf, such as certain types of intensively managed livestock grazing, have potential to restore degraded stream ecosystems.     

生态浮床技术处理景观水体试验研究

采用生态浮床的形式,将黄菖蒲、美人蕉生态栽培植物单作、混作,根据植物的生长状况和植物对水体中氮磷等污染有机物的去除特征、去除率探明黄菖蒲、美人蕉处理城市景观水体的净化效果。经过60 d 的试验研究发现,植物生长良好,氮磷及有机污染物质得到有效去除。结果表明,单作黄菖蒲比单作美人蕉更能有效去除氮营养元素,对 TN 的去除率可达69．4％;单作美人蕉比单作黄菖蒲更能有效去除磷营养元素,对 TP 的去除率可达70．5％;混作 TN 、TP 的去除率分别为47．8％、56．8％,去除氨氮、高锰酸盐效果比单作更明显。     

蠡湖水体氮、磷时空变化及差异性分析

蠡湖是一个典型处于从浊水藻型向清水草型转换过渡时期的浅水湖泊.根据2012~2013年周年的现场调查资料和历史监测资料,分析了水体氮、磷的空间分布、变化规律及主要影响因素,并探讨了水体氮、磷形态的时空差异及其相应的控制对策.结果表明,蠡湖仍然没有从根本上解决水体的富营养化问题,水体中氮、磷浓度仍处于一种不稳定的状态,各采样点总氮(TN)浓度在0.74~4.93mg/L之间,平均值为1.35mg/L;总磷(TP)浓度在0.03~0.31mg/L之间,平均值为0.073mg/L.空间上,TN和TP浓度自东向西依次递减,呈现东蠡湖高于西蠡湖,沿岸区高于湖心区的趋势;季节上,TN、TP浓度呈现夏季、秋季较高,而冬季、春季低的特点;水体中氮主要以溶解态为主,DTN占TN的比例在35%~99%之间,平均为77.98%;而磷主要是以颗粒态的形态占优势,颗粒态磷占TP的比例在11%~90%之间,平均值为59%.多元统计表明,TN与DTN和总悬浮物(TSS)之间呈正相关关系,但与TSS的相关性系数较小,而TP与DTP和TSS都呈显著正相关.因此,要降低水体中氮磷浓度,可以从减少通过干湿沉降进入湖泊水体的氮磷或者降低沉积物再悬浮、抑制底泥氮磷释放两个方面入手.     

永定河(北京段)生态修复工程运行管理机制研究

在充分调查永定河生态修复运行管理现状的基础上,以阈值跃迁、适应性管理为指导,对现有运行管理现状及存在问题进行深入分析。研究发现目前运行管理存在缺乏理论指导,管理权责不明晰,资金来源不明确以及生态监测体系、原水买卖平台缺失等问题。为实现运行管理目标,研究提出从构建基于适应性管理的流域委员会管理模式、确定管理机构权责、管理资金配置及建立生态修复管理评估体系4个方面完善运行管理机制,为永定河生态修复工程的运行管理及北方缺水城市的水生态修复工程运行管理提供参考与借鉴。     

湖泊缓冲带功能、建设与管理

湖泊缓冲带在湖泊保护和流域管理中的作用日益受到重视. 湖泊缓冲带是保护湖泊的隔离生境,是缓解或减轻湖泊水生态系统受流域内各种人类活动或自然过程的破坏、干扰和污染的空间. 湖泊缓冲带应具备缓冲隔离、促进生态环境改善、实施特殊的环境经济政策与生态补偿等3个主要功能,其宽度需考虑生态环境目标和环境准入标准、生态环境现状、技术经济约束和社会与管理制度制约等4个影响因素. 湖泊缓冲带的生态环境建设一般遵循控源与生态修复相结合、自然恢复与人工强化相结合、生态建设与管理相结合的原则,主要技术体系包括湖泊缓冲带内的农村面源污染控制技术和湖泊缓冲带缓冲体系改善技术. 湖泊缓冲带的管理主要涉及通过环境管理优化经济发展、生态工程长效运行管理和环境经济政策与生态补偿等3个方面. 未来湖泊缓冲带的研究方应包湖泊缓冲带范围的合理设置、相关生态学模型的引入、缓冲带建设的长效运行和管理机制的建立.      

Impact of invasive plant and environmental conditions on denitrification potential in urban riparian ecosystems

One of the most serious problems involved in riparian restoration is the proliferation of invasive plants during or after a restoration project. Although many studies have assessed ecological influences of invasive plants, life history in particular, only a few have clarified the functional consequences of such changes. In this study, we aimed to determine the influences of an invasive plant, Humulus japonicus, and environmental conditions on riparian ecosystem functions, focusing on denitrification. Soil samples from five riparian ecosystems in Korea were collected on four occasions over a one-year period, and denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) was measured using an acetylene blocking method. DEA varied between 2.5 and>7000 ng N₂O g^?1 soil h^?1. Overall results suggest that DEA was fairly high in winter, but the influences of H. japonicus were minimal. The results suggest that water availability may be a more dominant controlling variable than the presence of H. japonicus for DEA.     

基于GIS的陕西省水土保持自然生态修复区研究

水土保持自然生态修复作为生态建设的一项主要任务,需要进行水土保持生态修复适宜区研究。论文以陕西省为例,应用ArcGIS 9.2空间数据分析工具,综合分析土地利用类型、年降雨量、土壤侵蚀、人口密度等指标,划分出陕西省水土保持自然生态修复适宜区域,并分析了陕西省水土保持综合治理实施情况。结果表明,陕西省水土保持自然生态修复区面积为23 911 km²,秦岭大巴山区适宜自然生态修复的面积最大,研究为水土保持综合治理下一步实施提供借鉴意义。