齐齐哈尔市城区“十一五”声环境质量变化趋势与评价及“十二五”声环境质量改善对策的研究

通过对齐齐哈尔市城区"十一五"期间区域声环境质量、道路交通声环境质量、功能区噪声数据的分析,揭示我市5年间城区声环境质量的变化,并论述了其变化的原因,提出了"十二五"期间改善声环境质量的对策。     

上海城市街道峡谷道路绿化模式研究

街道峡谷在上海城市中普遍存在,街道峡谷中污染气体的扩散受到屋顶风向、风速、高宽比、峡谷两侧建筑物的对称性、高度分布和街区形状等因素的影响。文章对适合于不同街道峡谷形式的、较为典型的道路绿化模式进行了研究。结果表明,上海城市街道峡谷中的道路绿化模式可归纳为:梯级递进式、斑块复合式、疏朗开敞式、模纹花镜式和独立行道树式5种。当街道峡谷与主导风垂直:(1)街道峡谷的W/H>5且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式应采用梯级递进式或疏朗开敞式;(2)街道峡谷的W/H为0.6～5且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式在迎风侧采用流朗开敞式、背风侧采用模纹花镜式,或者两侧都采用模纹花镜式;(3)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式应采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;(4)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为递升型峡谷时,绿化模式在迎风侧采用斑块复合式或模纹花镜式,背风侧采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;(5)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为递降型峡谷时,绿化模式可采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;当街道峡谷与主风向平行:宽、高比大的街道绿化模式应采用梯级递进式或斑块复合式,当街道峡谷的高度是宽度的倍数时,道路绿化宜采用疏朗开敞式或独立行道树式。     

特大城市公路交通设施噪声影响水平分析

中国特大城市的公路交通设施规模庞大而复杂,主要包括公路、城市道路、公路运输枢纽场站。本文实测了北京市有代表性公路交通设施场界噪声,分析了其不同道路等级(或不同客货公路运输枢纽)、不同车流量、不同时段情况下的噪声影响程度大小,为北京市公路交通设施的规划研究提供参考。     

道路环境成本的货币化模型研究

公平、合理地分担外部性环境成本是实现道路交通资源最优配置的前提条件之一,而环境成本货币化评估是实现道路交通政策体现环境公平性的重要内容。介绍了在国内外对道路外部成本的研究成果,在已有研究的基础上,将我国道路交通发展的环境成本主要分解为生态影响、环境污染和温室气体排放三类,并以借助环境经济学理论基础,对给出的道路交通生态影响、环境污染和温室气体排放的货币化方法估算模型分别进行了探讨。随后,以安徽省某高速公路为例,计算出道路建设及运营的环境成本占工程总投资的7.31%,结果表明环境成本货币化有利于明确道路建设的环境影响,并纳入成本核算中。     

道路交通环境影响评价的物元模型

分析了城市道路交通环境影响因素,提出了一套道路交通环境影响评价指标体系,并应用物元分析理论建立了相应的评价物元模型     

Case studies: Application of SEA in provincial level expressway infrastructure network planning in China — Current existing problems

Since the Law of the People's Republic of China on Environmental Impact Assessment was enacted in 2003 and Huanfa 2004 No. 98 was released in 2004, Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) has been officially being implemented in the expressway infrastructure planning field in China. Through scrutinizing two SEA application cases of China's provincial level expressway infrastructure (PLEI) network plans, it is found that current SEA practice in expressway infrastructure planning field has a number of problems including: SEA practitioners do not fully understand the objective of SEA; its potential contributions to strategic planning and decision-making is extremely limited; the employed application procedure and prediction and assessment techniques are too simple to bring objective, unbiased and scientific results; and no alternative options are considered. All these problems directly lead to poor quality SEA and consequently weaken SEA's effectiveness.     

公路建设项目景观视觉影响评价的方法研究

公路建设的景观视觉影响及其保护措施,是我国公路建设中环境保护的热点问题之一。本文在国内外相关研究的基础上,以青藏公路改建工程为例,采用矩阵分析的方法,从景观美学质量评价、视觉敏感度分析、工程活动影响等景观视觉影响要素出发,划分了青藏公路沿线的景观保护级别,建立起青藏公路景观视觉影响评价方法,并以公路施工建设中具有代表性的取土场为例,结合视觉冲击强度分级,进行了相关的景观视觉影响评价。     

Investigating the influence on safety of retrofitting Italian motorways with barriers meeting a new EU standard

Objective: A new European Union (EU) regulation for safety barriers, which is based on performance, has encouraged road agencies to perform an upgrade of old barriers, with the expectation that there will be safety benefits at the retrofitted sites. The new class of barriers was designed and installed in compliance with the 1998 (European Norm) EN 1317 standards for road restraint systems, which lays down common requirements for the testing and certification of road restraint systems in all countries of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Both the older and new barriers are made of steel and are installed in such a way as to avoid vehicle intrusion, but the older ones are thought to be only effective at low speeds and large angles of impact. The new standard seeks to remedy this by providing better protection at higher speeds. This article seeks to quantify the effect on the frequency of fatal and injury crashes of retrofitting motorways with barriers meeting the new standards.

Methods: The estimation of the crash modification was carried out by performing an empirical Bayes before–after analysis based on data from the A18 Messina–Catania motorway in Italy. The methodology has the great advantage to account for the regression to the mean effects. Besides, to account for time trend effects and dispersion of crash data, a modified calibration methodology of safety performance was used.

Results: This study, based on data collected on 76 km of motorway in the period 2000–2012, derived Crash Modification Factor point estimates that indicate reductions of 72% for run-off-road fatal and injury crashes and 38% in total fatal and injury crashes that could be expected by upgrading an old safety barrier by complying with new EU 1317 standards. The estimated benefit-cost ratio of 5.57 for total crashes indicates that the treatment is cost effective.

Conclusions: The magnitude of this benefit indicates that the retrofits are cost-effective even for total crashes and should continue in any European country inasmuch as the estimated Crash Modification Factors are based on treatment sites that are reasonably representative of all European motorways.     

Single and multiple stressor effect of road deicers and Cu on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) alevins from hatching till swim-up

Road salts are frequently used for deicing of roads in the Nordic countries. During snow-melt, the road run-off containing high concentrations of road salt and various metals such as Cu remobilized from sand, silt and dust may negatively influence organisms in downstream receiving water bodies. The present work focuses on the impact of road salt(NaCl) and Cu, separately and in mixtures on Atlantic salmon alevins from hatching till swim-up. The results showed that high road salt concentrations could induce a series of negative effects in alevins such as reduced growth, deformities, delayed swim-up and mortality. For alevins exposed to all tested road salt concentrations(100–1000 mg/L),mortality was significantly higher compared to control. In exposure to Cu solutions(5–20 μg Cu/L), no effects on growth, morphology, swim-up or mortality of alevins compared to control were observed. In mixture solutions(road salt and Cu), ultrafiltration of the exposure water demonstrated that only 20%–40% of Cu was present as positively charged low molecular mass(LMM) Cu species assumed to be bioavailable. When exposed to road salt and Cu mixtures, negative effects in alevins such as reduced growth, deformities,delayed swim-up and mortality were observed. The overall results indicated that the road salt application could seriously affect sensitive life stages of Atlantic salmon, and application of road salt should be avoided during the late winter–early spring period.     

Motor Vehicle Contributions to Ambient PM10 and PM2.5 at Selected Urban Areas in the USA

A source apportionment study was carried out to estimate the contribution of motor vehicles to ambient particulate matter (PM) in selected urban areas in the USA. Measurements were performed at seven locations during the period September 7, 2000 through March 9, 2001. Measurements included integrated PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ambient PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were apportioned to their local sources using the chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model and compared with results obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicate that PM_2.5 components were mainly from combustion sources, including motor vehicles, and secondary species (nitrates and sulfates). PM₁₀ consisted mainly of geological material, in addition to emissions from combustion sources. The fractional contributions of motor vehicles to ambient PM were estimated to be in the range from 20 to 76% and from 35 to 92% for PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, respectively.