汽车驾驶员驾驶疲劳监测技术研究进展

当今驾驶疲劳已成为引发交通事故的主要原因,但由于其形成原因复杂,监测技术和手段都还不成熟.驾驶疲劳客观监测技术是目前研究的热点,主要包括对驾驶员脑电图、心电图、眼睑眨动、头部运动轨迹、方向盘的运动、车辆行驶方向等的监测技术.由于上述监测技术都存在一定的局限性,因此,笔者认为,今后的研究应该从以下4个方面着手进行:①研制非接触性高灵敏度传感器;②寻求新的监测指标和方法;③将多传感器信息融合技术应用于监测技术中;④研制高性价比的监测装置.     

An Assessment of Road Impacts on Wildlife Populations in U.S. National Parks

Current United States National Park Service (NPS) management is challenged to balance visitor use with the environmental and social consequences of automobile use. Wildlife populations in national parks are increasingly vulnerable to road impacts. Other than isolated reports on the incidence of road-related mortality, there is little knowledge of how roads might affect wildlife populations throughout the national park system. Researchers at the Western Transportation Institute synthesized information obtained from a system-wide survey of resource managers to assess the magnitude of their concerns on the impacts of roads on park wildlife. The results characterize current conditions and help identify wildlife-transportation conflicts. A total of 196 national park management units (NPS units) were contacted and 106 responded to our questionnaire. Park resource managers responded that over half of the NPS units’ existing transportation systems were at or above capacity, with traffic volumes currently high or very high in one quarter of them and traffic expected to increase in the majority of units. Data is not generally collected systematically on road-related mortality to wildlife, yet nearly half of the respondents believed road-caused mortality significantly affected wildlife populations. Over one-half believed habitat fragmentation was affecting wildlife populations. Despite these expressed concerns, only 36% of the NPS units used some form of mitigation method to reduce road impacts on wildlife. Nearly half of the respondents expect that these impacts would only worsen in the next five years. Our results underscore the importance for a more systematic approach to address wildlife-roadway conflicts for a situation that is expected to increase in the next five to ten years.     

特大城市公路交通设施噪声影响水平分析

中国特大城市的公路交通设施规模庞大而复杂,主要包括公路、城市道路、公路运输枢纽场站。本文实测了北京市有代表性公路交通设施场界噪声,分析了其不同道路等级(或不同客货公路运输枢纽)、不同车流量、不同时段情况下的噪声影响程度大小,为北京市公路交通设施的规划研究提供参考。     

齐齐哈尔市城区“十一五”声环境质量变化趋势与评价及“十二五”声环境质量改善对策的研究

通过对齐齐哈尔市城区"十一五"期间区域声环境质量、道路交通声环境质量、功能区噪声数据的分析,揭示我市5年间城区声环境质量的变化,并论述了其变化的原因,提出了"十二五"期间改善声环境质量的对策。     

道路环境成本的货币化模型研究

公平、合理地分担外部性环境成本是实现道路交通资源最优配置的前提条件之一,而环境成本货币化评估是实现道路交通政策体现环境公平性的重要内容。介绍了在国内外对道路外部成本的研究成果,在已有研究的基础上,将我国道路交通发展的环境成本主要分解为生态影响、环境污染和温室气体排放三类,并以借助环境经济学理论基础,对给出的道路交通生态影响、环境污染和温室气体排放的货币化方法估算模型分别进行了探讨。随后,以安徽省某高速公路为例,计算出道路建设及运营的环境成本占工程总投资的7.31%,结果表明环境成本货币化有利于明确道路建设的环境影响,并纳入成本核算中。     

道路交通环境影响评价的物元模型

分析了城市道路交通环境影响因素,提出了一套道路交通环境影响评价指标体系,并应用物元分析理论建立了相应的评价物元模型