基于GIS的道路交通安全管理系统的研究

针对道路交通安全的现状 ,笔者分析了利用地理信息系统 (GIS)建立道路安全管理系统的必要性及优点 ,探讨了基于GIS的道路安全管理系统的功能、设计思路及其开发的技术路线。利用GIS进行交通安全管理可以增强交通事故分析的直观性、可操作性 ,进行区域安全评价、事故多发点因素分析 ,有利于挖掘交通事故的深层原因 ,从而指导安全管理工作。基于GIS的道路交通安全管理的研究 ,是GIS在领域应用和迅速提高道路交通安全管理现代化水平的一个创新性探索。     

道路交通安全管理规划体系初探

《道路交通安全法》明确规定 :“要求县级以上地方各级人民政府应当适应道路交通发展的需要 ,依据道路交通安全法律、法规和国家有关政策 ,制定道路交通安全管理规划 ,并组织实施。”依据该条文的要求 ,笔者探讨了道路交通安全管理规划的作用 ,论述了道路交通安全管理规划体系的总体设计 ,提出了包括道路交通安全调查、交通安全管理现状评价和问题分析、交通安全趋势预测、交通安全管理目标确定以及具体专项规划等内容的道路交通安全管理规划体系。     

危险化学品道路运输系统危险性分析

针对危险化学品道路运输中的安全问题 ,建立了危化品道路运输系统模式和系统危险性评价程序。应用所开发的ACES软件系统对汽车燃料汽油的替代品LPG的道路运输进行了最大事故后果分析评价 ,并提出了建议和对策。研究结果不仅能够为危化品道路运输系统危险性的控制和预防提供科学指导 ,还能为减少系统事故损失及事故时的应急疏散等提供参考数据 ,具有潜在的经济效益和社会效益。     

基于面向对象的北京市区城市内部用地信息提取

选取北京市四环以内为研究区域,以资源三号卫星遥感影像为数据源,针对类型多样、特征易混淆的城市内部用地以及高分辨率遥感影像海量信息、人工提取费时费力等特点,论文基于面向对象分类方法,探讨城市内部用地自动提取方法,并对分类结果进行精度评估.结果表明:利用不同地物的光谱、形状、纹理和空间关系等特征,通过多尺度分割和隶属度函数法,构建合理的分类层次,不仅精确提取出研究区内水体、绿地、建设用地和待开发用地,更独具创新地区分了城市建设用地内部各种地物类型,包括工业生产用地、低密度和高密度生活用地以及交通用地.该方法有效地利用了资源3 号卫星影像的光谱、纹理及空间信息特征,总体精度可达到87.00%,Kappa系数达到0.853 9,取得较好的分类效果.     

Examining the relationship between driver distraction and driving errors: A discussion of theory, studies and methods

Over the past two decades the concept of driver distraction has been the focus of intense research attention. One aspect of distraction for which there has been limited systematic research, however, is its role in driver error causation. This article presents a review of the distraction literature with a view to elucidating what is currently known about the types of driving errors that distraction contributes to and the mechanisms by which distraction induces these errors. The review revealed a number of fundamental gaps in our knowledge, including the number and nature of errors made by drivers when distracted; the mechanisms by which distraction causes errors; whether and how distraction disrupts drivers’ ability to recover from errors; and how system-wide factors moderate the relationship between distraction and error. In closing, we attempt to identify the most appropriate theoretical and methodological approach to drive the integrated study of distraction and error forward. We conclude that it is only through the adoption of a systems approach that integrated countermeasures can be proposed and implemented to mitigate driver errors caused by distraction.     

Actual and perceived social norms of children’s road crossing behavior

This study compared the actual and perceived social norms regarding road crossing behaviors, and aimed at uncovering a misperception of group norms. The basic notion underlying the study was that if children perceived the behaviors and attitudes of their friends regarding road crossing as more negative than they actually are, this might lead the children to adopt riskier behavior when crossing the road. The participants were comprised of 123 elementary school children (ages from 6 to 13; 78 boys - 65% and 42 girls - 35%) from Beitar-Ilit, a religious city in Israel. A questionnaire especially constructed for the study was administered to the participants. A t-test yielded a significant difference between the child’s own attitudes score and the perceived peers’ attitudes score. On average, children perceive their friends’ attitudes with regard to road crossing behaviors as being more negative compared to their own attitudes. A second t-test yielded a significant difference between the child’s own behavior score and the perceived peers’ behavior score. Children perceived the road crossing behavior of their friends as riskier relative to their own crossing behavior. A regression test revealed that the variables, perceived peers’ attitudes and perceived peers’ behaviors, contributed significantly to the explained variance: the more risky the perceived peers’ attitudes and behaviors with regard to road crossing, the more risky the child’s own behavior when crossing the road. It is hoped that an interventional educational program based on positive norms in the social group will encourage children to exhibit safe behavior in the roads.     

Impact of Adaptive Front-lighting Systems (AFS) on road safety: Evidences and open points

Almost four years after the entry into force of Regulation ECE 123 on Adaptive Front-lighting Systems (AFS) for motor vehicles, and once the first cars bearing them start to circulate, a comparison between the original idea of AFS and their potential impact in safety and accident prevention is possible. In this work, we present the basic concepts of this new way to light roads and analyse some unforeseen consequences that might arise within the ECE regulatory framework once the presence of AFS becomes massive. This paper also pretends to be an useful guide for some countries like China, still considering the best way to definitively regulate these complex systems whose impact on road safety is expected to be huge.     

Estimating the effect of air pollution on road safety using atmospheric temperature inversions

Does air quality influence road safety? We estimate the effect of increased air pollution on the number of road traffic accidents in the United Kingdom between 2009 and 2014. To address concerns of spurious correlation we exploit atmospheric temperature inversions as a source of plausibly exogenous variation in daily air pollution levels. We find an increase of 0.3–0.6% in the number of vehicles involved in accidents per day for each additional 1 μg/m³ of PM_2.5. The finding suggests that less safe roads may present a large and previously overlooked cost of air pollution. The results are robust to a number of specifications and across various sub-samples.     

An Application and Evaluation of the CAL3QHC Model for Predicting Carbon Monoxide Concentrations from Motor Vehicles Near a Roadway Intersection in Muscat,Oman

The CAL3QHC model was used to predict carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations from motor vehicles at an existing urban intersection (Star Cinema in Muscat area, Oman). The CO concentrations predicted from the model were compared with those measured in the field. Predicted average CO concentrations were found to compare favorably with measured values obtained at all eight receptors considered within the modeled intersection. In general, the comparison indicates good agreement with some underprediction for CO. For receptor 6, the model overpredicts the average CO concentration. This overprediction is associated with the presence of trees and green area in the location of receptor 6. In general, the measurements and the model results indicated that the highest CO concentrations were found to occur close to the intersection and, hence, a decrease in the concentration levels was seen as the distance from the road increased. The results indicated that the levels of CO were well below the ambient air quality standard and that probably no health risk was present in areas adjacent to the star cinema intersection. However, the predicted worst-case 1-h CO concentrations assuming inversion atmospheric stability conditions (class F) and wind speed of 1 m/s indicated that the levels of CO were close to or higher than the Omans National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) value of 35 ppm at all receptors considered. The results of this study are useful in transport development and traffic management planning.Published online.     

中美两国汽车驾驶安全影响因素研究

影响汽车驾驶安全的各国道路交通系统以及驾驶员的驾驶行为等存在着差异性 ,许多差异可以通过统计数据的分析 ,或者其他定量研究方法获取 ,但仍然有许多影响驾驶安全的因素难以发现。笔者通过焦点团体座谈会的方法 ,从驾驶者的角度 ,搜集并分析了中美两国驾驶安全的主要影响因素 ,以及具有美国驾驶经历会对我国驾驶员有何影响。通过中美两国定性数据的对比分析 ,得出了主要影响因素 ,与此同时 ,通过问卷调查定量地分析了这些因素的严重程度。